Figure Legends
Figure 1. Overall effects of organophosphate (OP) and
pyrethroid (Pyr) factors on survival and development. Hazard ratios
depicting the effects of selection regime (OP Reg or Pyr Reg), pesticide
exposure (OP PTx or Pyr PTx), Bt treatment (BtTx), the interaction
between selection regime and pesticide exposure (OP Reg:PTx or Pyr
Reg:PTx), the interaction between selection regime and Bt treatment (OP
Reg:BtTx or Pyr Reg:BtTx), and the interaction between pesticide
exposure and Bt treatment (OP PTx:BtTx or Pyr PTx:BtTx) on survival (A,
B) and development (C, D) are shown in the left panels. Raw data
illustrating the proportion of surviving individuals (A, B) or the
proportion of adults (C, D) are shown in the right panels. For hazard
ratio plots depicting survival and development estimates, positive
significant effects (higher survival or faster development) are colored
blue, negative significant effects (lower survival or slower
development) are red, and nonsignificant effects are black (Suppl. Table
2).
Figure 2. The influence of pesticide exposure on septic
infection outcomes: control-regime larvae exposed to OP are more
susceptible to Btt septic infection. The proportion of surviving
individuals 24h post septic Btt infection are shown for control
(Regime –) and OP selection regime (Regime OP) larvae exposed to
control (Pesticide Tx –) or OP diet (Pesticide Tx OP) treatments.
Circles indicate surviving proportions of individuals per block.
Significant differences between groups are denoted with asterisks (p
< 0.0005; Suppl. Table 6).
Figure 3. Number of significantly differentially expressed
(sig. DE) genes (padj < 0.05) for factors within each DESeq2
model (number of sig. DE transcripts are denoted above bars; relative to
control regime or no pesticide/ Bt treatments, positive counts are
upregulated transcripts and negative counts are downregulated). A. No
pesticide model: main and interaction effects of pesticide selection
regime and Bt treatment in the absence of pesticide exposure. Hatched
bars indicate no pesticide treatment in the model. B. OP model: main and
interaction effects of OP selection regime, pesticide exposure, and Bt
treatment. C. Pyr model: main and interaction effects of Pyr selection
regime, pesticide exposure, and Bt treatment. The table below indicates
the differentially expressed factor. Main effect of selection regimes =
Regime OP/ Pyr. Main effect of Bt treatment = Bt Tx +. Main effect of
pesticide treatments = Pesticide Tx OP/ Pyr. Interactions between
selection regimes and pesticide exposure = Regime OP/ Pyr & Pesticide
Tx OP/ Pyr. Interactions between selection regimes and Bt exposure =
Regime OP/ Pyr & Bt Tx +. Interactions between pesticide and Bt
exposure = Pesticide Tx OP/ Pyr & Bt Tx +.
Figure 4. Profiles of differentially expressed transcripts
demonstrate opposing responses in Bt-infected individuals that were or
were not also exposed to or selected with pesticides. Transcripts
significantly differentially expressed (padj < 0.05) with Bt
treatment and interactions with A. OP exposure, and B.Pyr selection regime and exposure. The DE Factor/ Model legend refers to
the factor corresponding to the differentially expressed gene set and
the DESeq2 model used (no pesticide- hatched bars; OP or Pyr- solid
bars; BtTx = main effect of Btt treatment; OP PTx = main effect
of OP exposure; OP or Pyr PTx:BtTx = interactions between OP or Pyr
exposure and Btt treatment; Pyr Reg:BtTx: interaction between Pyr
selection regime and Btt treatment). Colored circles on the left
indicate transcripts included in the magenta WGCNA module (Suppl. Fig.
7). Transcript abbreviations are as follows: Stc = shuttle craft-like
protein, Def = defensin, Att = attacin, PR = pathogenesis-related
protein, HRG = histidine-rich glycoprotein, SP = serine protease, P450 =
cytochrome P450, CEH = carboxylic ester hydrolase, GST = glutathione
S-transferase, ABC = ABC transporter, Chit = chitinase protein, CP =
cuticle-related protein, PM = peritrophic matrix related protein, Vit =
vitellogenin, Ins = insulin-like peptide, LSP = larval serum protein,
AchE = acetylcholinesterase, KLF = Krüppel-like factor, ApoIII =
apolipophorin-III, Neur = neuropeptide.
Figure 5. Normalized gene counts illustrate dampening effects
of Pyr selection regime and OP treatment on immune gene expression
induced with Bt expsoure. A. OP (OP model- OP PTx) and Bt
treatment (OP model- BtTx) effects are shown for TC007737 (attacin1),
and B. Pyr Regime (Pyr model- Pyr Reg) and Bt treatment (Pyr
model- BtTx) effects are shown for TC010517 (defensin-like).