Categories Name Description Formulas
Topography Average elevation The average elevation in the subwatershed area. \(AE=average(elevation)\)
Drainage capacity
Distance to river
Average distance from each grid to the river in the subwatershed area.
\[d=\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}{(x_{i}-y_{i})}^{2}}\]
Road density Ration of road area to the subwatershed area. \(Rd=\frac{A_{\text{roads}}}{\text{Ssite}}\)
Land cover composition Green space ratio The proportion of green space area to the total subwatershed area. \(GSR=\frac{A_{\text{green\ space}}}{\text{Ssite}}\)
Waterbody ratio The proportion of waterbody area to the total subwatershed area. \(WR=\frac{A_{\text{waterbody}}}{\text{Ssite}}\)
Impervious surface ratio The proportion of impervious area to the total subwatershed area. \(\text{ISR}=\frac{A_{\text{impervious}\ \text{surfaces}}}{\text{Ssite}}\)
land cover configuration Patch density The ratio of the number of patches to the total subwatershed area. \(PN=\frac{n_{i}}{A_{\text{subwatershed}}}\)
Landscape shape index The shape index is a measure of the shape complexity. \(LSI=\frac{0.25E}{\sqrt{A_{\text{subwatershed}}}}\)
3D building morphology Building coverage ratio Building coverage ratio of the subwatershed. \(BCR=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\text{BSi}}{\text{Ssite}}\)
Building density Number of buildings in the subwatershed. \(BD=\frac{N}{A}\)
Building congestion degree The density of buildings in 3D space. \(BCD=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}V_{i}}{\max\left(H_{i}\right)*A}\)
Building height The area-weighted average building height. \(BH=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}{BSi*BHi}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\text{BSi}}\)
Floor area ratio 3D shape index 3D fractal Building area unit area of the subwatershed. The degree of shape complexity. The compactness of the buildings. \[FAR=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}{c*F}}{\text{Ssite}}\] \[3DSI=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}{(BSi+Li*BHi)}}{3*v*\sqrt{3v/4\pi}}\] \[\lg{N(r)}=\operatorname{-Dlg}{r+c}\]