Literature screening and data extraction
For each publication, any two of the eight reviewers (FL, AW, XY, YW, SH, YD, HX, CF) independently screened thetitles, abstracts, and full texts and identified eligible publications for data extraction. In case of disagreements between the two reviewers, a third reviewer (WT and YW) was consulted for reconciliation if an agreement was not reached.
We extracted the variables containing information on publication year, data collection time, methods, testing assay, study population type, age, sex, sample size, and relevant study outcomes. We used pre-defined population types and risk factors to conduct stratified analyses of our study outcomes. The definition of population type and risk factors was included in the supplementary materials (Supplementary Box S1 and S3).