Quality assessment
Table S12 summarizes the quality assessment of 429 seroprevalence studies. Of these, 356 studies (83.0%) had high precision, 30 studies (7.2%) had low ROB in the sampling method domain, and 290 studies (67.6%) had low ROB in the response rate domain. Only 17 studies (4.0%) had low ROB in both quality domains, and 126 studies (29.4%) had high ROB in both quality domains.