Experimental Approach
Male Sprague-Dawley rats received allometrically scaled (1) vancomycin
(2) flucloxacillin, (3) vancomycin+flucloxacillin, (4)
vancomycin+imipenem-cilastatin, or (5) saline for 4 days. Vancomycin was
administered intravenously and flucloxacillin or imipenem-cilastatin
were administered intraperitoneally. Kidney injury was evaluated via
drug accumulation and urinary biomarkers including urinary output,
kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), clusterin, and osteopontin.
Relationships between vancomycin accumulation in the kidney and urinary
kidney injury biomarkers were explored.