RCTsa Selection Bias Selection Bias Performance Bias Performance Bias Detection Bias Attrition Bias Reporting Bias Other Bias Overall
Author Was the method of randomisation adequate? Was the treatment allocation concealed? Was the patient blinded to the intervention? Was the care provider blinded to the intervention? Was the outcome assessor blinded to the intervention? Was the drop-out rate described and acceptable? Are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting? Are other sources of potential bias unlikely?
McDonald 2022 Low High Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Kasper 2014 High Low Low Low Unclear Low Unclear Low Low
Non-RCTsb Non-RCTsb Non-RCTsb Non-RCTsb Non-RCTsb Non-RCTsb Non-RCTsb Non-RCTsb
Author Bias due to confounding Bias in selection of participants into the study Bias in classification of interventions Bias due to deviations from intended interventions Bias due to missing data Bias in measurement of outcomes Bias in selection of the reported result
Collinson 2021c No information Low Moderate No information No information No information No information
Chazot 2019c No information Low Low No information No information Moderate No information