CASE REPORT
A 60-year-old male presented to the emergency department (ED) with progressive stridor. His history was notable for radical tonsillectomy, neck dissection, radial forearm free flap and tracheostomy for a locally and regionally advanced p16+ squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) approximately two months earlier. The patient’s tracheostomy had been removed one month prior to presentation, and he had just begun postoperative chemoradiation. The patient was known to our head and neck team having had his surgery in our division.
The otolaryngology consult resident (JED) was called for urgent airway evaluation. As a result of new residency policies, the junior resident consulted with the attending consult faculty (CHR) prior to seeing the patient, who determined a need for a conference call with the junior and senior resident (CMJ). We developed a plan for definite hospital admission and likely nasopharyngolaryngoscopy (NPL). Complicating this was the fact that the patient was considered a “PUI” (patient under investigation/rule out COVID-19). Although the patient had stridor and positional dyspnea (when lying down), he was reportedly not having any oxygen requirement and was otherwise stable.
A plan was made for the consult team to arrive at the ED together, assess the patient, and discuss with the ED attending prior to performing any procedure. We realized that in the setting of a potential COVID infection, team members were at risk of exposure even during a standard head and neck exam and that any airway procedure including NPL would ideally require full personal protective equipment (PPE). The added risks and resources needed for airway evaluation and management in a PUI prompted us to activate the Airway Rapid Response (ARR) team for a more comprehensive team huddle. Airway Rapid Response mobilized the key personnel and equipment that might be needed if the situation deteriorated, and it allowed us to discuss the consequences of the options available with all key personnel. Notably, in the COVID era, team members attempted to maintain six feet of distance between each other during the huddle.
Ultimately, it was determined that the consult faculty should don full PPE (powered air-purifying respirator [PAPR], gown, and gloves) and enter the room to do an airway assessment while the rest of the airway team prepared to don PPE in the event they were also needed. Upon entry into the room, the patient, who was wearing a surgical mask, was extremely anxious, had loud stridor but had no oxygen requirement and a regular respiratory rate when calm. Further history revealed he had progressive dyspnea since decannulation one month prior and was sent to the ED by his radiation oncologist during a routine visit. He had a history of sleep apnea and chronic renal insufficiency. Primary assessment revealed that he had trismus, a well healed free flap in the lateral oropharynx, and a Mallampati grade of 3. He had a large neck and a nearly healed tracheostomy site with a small amount of granulation tissue in the residual tract.
The patient was notified of the need for NPL evaluation and that topical anesthesia would be avoided due to the risk of virus aerosolization and of worsening his airway. He became more anxious and had increasingly loud stridor and tachypnea. A disposable bronchoscope, tracheostomy set, kerrison rongeurs, endotracheal tubes of varying size, and a videolaryngoscope were opened at bedside. The head and neck senior resident, anesthesia attending, and a respiratory therapist donned full PPE and prepared for intubation or tracheostomy in the ED negative pressure room in case of decompensation.
The patient was preoxygenated in case a rapid sequence induction was needed for oral intubation. Fiberoptic NPL revealed mild laryngeal edema and normal vocal cord mobility, thus suggesting a subglottic or tracheal source of obstruction. The patient tolerated the procedure well, remained stable, and was weaned back to room air. Despite the potential need for revision tracheostomy to manage the patient’s presumed infraglottic airway obstruction, it was determined that it would be best to avoid further intervention until COVID-19 testing resulted and, if possible, a CT chest could be performed. CT chest would be helpful in looking for COVID lesions and also to assess the trachea but was deferred pending COVID testing. Due to limited availability for COVID testing, all of the above steps were needed to provide a “golden ticket” to get the fastest COVID testing possible at that time. Even though the patient was not febrile, we felt that it was important because of the need for PPE, location and timing of the intervention.
The patient was instructed to again don his mask, and he was transferred to a negative pressure room in the surgical ICU where the airway equipment was again placed at bedside. Eventually, COVID-19 testing resulted and was negative. A chest CT was obtained without contrast (due to the patient’s history of renal insufficiency) and revealed multiple pulmonary metastases, a subcarinal mass (likely nodal), slight narrowing of the subglottis, and a mass in the trachea near the prior tracheostomy site, felt to be most consistent with a granuloma (Figure 1 ).