DISCUSSION
This case illustrates the new challenges presented by the COVID-19 (SARS
CoV-2) pandemic and brings into focus numerous challenges that are being
evaluated by Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeons and
multidisciplinary airway teams across the globe. Numerous institutional
and specialty society guidelines have been developed in the United
States as well as in Europe and Asia.1-8
While the scenario in this case would likely otherwise have been
relatively straightforward, the fact that the patient was consider a PUI
complicated every step of his evaluation and management. First was the
decision of who would perform primary assessment, as we have determined
that more senior level responses to such consultations are needed. This
prompted a discussion including faculty about whether to do NPL, which
would ordinarily be performed by a resident (with topical anesthesia as
needed) prior to involving the rest of the team. Second, in determining
what PPE was needed for primary assessment and NPL, it became apparent
that things might progress, so we activated our ARR system. This type of
system brings key personnel and equipment to the bedside during an
airway emergency or for intubation in a difficult airway, but may also
be used to allow for planning discussions during nonemergent but
“metastable” situations that are at risk of rapid
escalation.9,10 In this case, due to “social
distancing” practices, the team consultation generated by the ARR was
with six feet distance maintained among the team members.
Airway assessment by NPL was needed to allow us to get COVID testing due
to a shortage of testing at the time of this scenario. In addition, it
provided vital information that the obstruction was below the level of
the glottis. We could not be sure the patient could be intubated with
rapid sequence induction, which is the gold standard for COVID positive
patients, due to his mallampati grade, trismus, challenges with upper
lip bite test, and his obesity.11,12 Prior
tracheostomy and altered anatomy from his resection and free flap were
also factors making him a potentially difficult airway. In addition,
even if laryngoscopy was achieved, neither oral nor nasal intubation
beyond the obstruction could be guaranteed. We believed that CT scan of
the chest should be performed as it would help evaluate the trachea for
lesions as well as COVID lung lesions, however this required the COVID
testing to be negative.13,14
We have established a new set of guidelines for tracheostomy in
ventilated patients in our institution but there are also unique issues
associated with the postop management of patients with tracheostomy,
whether they are COVID positive or negative, during this
pandemic.5 For this patient, the psychological impact
of tracheostomy was extraordinary, particularly given the possibility of
needing permanent tracheostomy in the setting of likely incurable head
and neck cancer. However, we felt that his complicated anatomy
necessitated consent for tracheostomy if he desired airway intervention.
We were also aware of and discussed potential challenges with securing
necessary supplies and home nursing to manage a trach at home during the
current global healthcare crisis.
Fortunately, we found that the patient had a Cormack and Lehane grade I
view with both the videolaryngoscope and the Lindholm laryngoscope, was
able to be ventilated both proximal and distal to the obstruction, and
remained stable.15 The tracheal mass was easily
removed endoscopically. We decided that this more palliative approach
was in line with the patient’s current goals for airway management,
particularly in light of the discovery of metastatic disease in the
lungs by CT (pulmonary nodules) and the trachea on final pathology.
Tracheostomy, which would have required longer admission and the risk of
repeated ARR calls, was thus avoided.16 The patient
was allowed to go home with the understanding that this could progress
but with a plan to revisit radiation and explore options for
immunotherapy pending analysis of pathology for specific mutations. Of
note, while this case represents a very unusual airway complication and
a poor oncologic outcome from his initial surgery, we wish to emphasize
that this is an aberration from the typical treatment course of p16+
SCCA at our institution. Our institution is submitting a report of 90
cases of TORS resections and free flaps with excellent functional and
oncologic outcomes (Gomez et al, manuscript in preparation).
The issues discussed in his case apply not only to tracheostomy but to
all oral, nasal and pharyngolaryngeal surgery including endoscopy for
cancer. Undoubtably, management of head and neck cancer patients is a
major dilemma during this pandemic. While we must protect our staff and
have begun employing N-95 masks and face shields for all head and neck
aerosolizing procedures, we do not yet have widespread availability of
COVID testing prior to managing these patients.17-19Despite that, surgery remains the best option for many head and neck
cancer patients, even if it requires tracheostomy.20Without surgery, patients are faced with repeated visits to healthcare
facilities for radiation and possible immune compromise associated with
the addition of chemotherapy, all of which increases patients’ exposure
and risk of serious infection from COVID-19 during cancer treatment.
This case highlights the importance of careful and collaborative
decision making for the management of head and neck cancer and other
“difficult airway” patients during the COVID epidemic.
Figure 1. Representative CT images demonstrating pedunculated tracheal
lesion (A, C) pedicled anterolaterally on the tracheal wall just
superior to the prior tracheostomy site (B). Panel D demonstrates
multiple new pulmonary nodules concerning for metastases. A subcarinal
mass was also seen on CT.
Figure 2. Endoscopic view of the trachea after resection of pedunculated
mass demonstrating base of lesion anterolaterally on the left (labeled
with a star) and mild A-frame deformity from prior tracheostomy.
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