Figures 3 a, b and c A within (PC1=68.17%, PC2=28.04%), (b) between (PC1 99.61%, PC2= 0.31%) and (c) Multivariate analysis of variation (discriminant analysis) sampling locations Principal component analysis with convex hull at 95% ellipses showing the contributions to variations observed from the three locations (Red= Kwara), Blue and Green, Ibadan and Makurdi sample populations respectively
Size and shape variations in samples from Ibadan in Fig. 3a were more disposed on the first axis with size contributing a higher proportion of variations observed in comparison to those from Kwara and Makurdi where shape variation was an overriding factor as they were better disposed on the second axis. Between the geographical location groups (Fig. 3b), Makurdi samples demonstrated the highest population variation in both size and shape factors compared to samples from other geo-locations. Large area of overlaps existed between samples evaluated.
Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) at 9999 permutations demonstrated significant (P˂0.1) Mahalanobis distance of 0.045 in Kwara samples and 0.910 in Ibadan sample population. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) (Fig. 3c) failed to reveal any significant (P˂0.7) discriminant values based on geography. Wilks lambda (0.936), df=8, F=0.5994