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\begin{document}

\title{Understanding the Rupture Kinematics and Slip Model of the 2021 Mw 7.4
Maduo Earthquake: a Bilateral Event on Bifurcating Faults}



\author[1]{Liuwei Xu}%
\author[2]{Zhang Yunjun}%
\author[3]{Chen Ji}%
\author[1]{Lingsen Meng}%
\author[4]{Eric Fielding}%
\author[5]{Robert Zinke}%
\author[1]{Han Bao}%
\affil[1]{UCLA}%
\affil[2]{California Institute of Technology}%
\affil[3]{UCSB}%
\affil[4]{Jet Propulsion Laboratory}%
\affil[5]{NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory,Jet Propulsion Laboratory,University of Southern California}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We image the rupture process of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo, Tibet earthquake
using slowness-enhanced back-projection and joint finite fault
inversion, which combines teleseismic broadband body waves, long-period
(166-333 s) seismic waves, and 3D ground displacements from radar
satellites. The results reveal a left-lateral strike-slip rupture,
propagating bilaterally on a 160-km-long north-dipping sub-vertical
fault system that bifurcates near its east end. About 80\% of the total
seismic moment occurs on the asperities shallower than 10 km, with a
peak slip of 5.7 m. To simultaneously match the observed long-period
seismic waves and static displacements, notable deep slip is required,
despite a tradeoff with the rigidity of the shallow crust. This
coseismic deep slip within the ductile middle crust could result from
strain localization and dynamic weakening. Local crustal structure and
synthetic long-period Earth response for Tibet earthquakes thus deserve
further investigation. The WNW branch ruptures \textasciitilde{}75 km at
\textasciitilde{}2.7 km/s, while the ESE branch ruptures
\textasciitilde{}85 km at \textasciitilde{}3 km/s, though super-shear
rupture propagation possibly occurs during the ESE propagation from 12 s
to 20 s. Synthetic back-projection tests confirm overall sub-shear
rupture speeds and reveal a previously undocumented limitation caused by
the signal interference between two bilateral branches. The stress
analysis on the forks of the fault demonstrates that the pre-compression
inclination, rupture speed, and branching angle could explain the
branching behavior on the eastern fork.%
\end{abstract}%



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