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\begin{document}

\title{Burying Earth's primitive mantle in the slab graveyard}



\author[1]{Timothy David Jones}%
\author[2]{Nathan Sime}%
\author[2]{Peter van Keken}%
\affil[1]{University of California San Diego}%
\affil[2]{Carnegie Institution for Science}%


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  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The evolution of mantle composition can be viewed as process of
destruction whereby the initial chemical state is overprinted and
reworked with time. Analyses of ocean island basalts reveals that some
portion of the mantle has survived this process, retaining a chemically
`primitive' signature. A question that remains is how this primitive
signature has survived four and half billion years of vigorous
convection. We hypothesize that some of Earth's primitive mantle is
buried within a slab graveyard at the core-mantle boundary. We explore
this possibility using high-resolution finite element models of mantle
convection, in which oceanic lithosphere is produced at zones of plate
spreading and subducted at zones of plate convergence. Upon subduction,
dense oceanic crust sinks to the base of the mantle and gradually
accumulates to form broad and robust thermochemical piles. Sinking
oceanic crust entrains the surrounding mantle whose composition is
predominantly primitive early in the model's evolution. As a result,
thermochemical piles are initially supplied with relatively high
concentrations of primitive material --summing up to
\textasciitilde{}30\% their total mass. The dense oceanic crust that
dominates the piles resists efficient mixing and preserves the primitive
material that it is intermingled with. The significance of this process
is shown to be proportional the rate of mantle processing through time
and the excess density of oceanic crust at mantle pressures and
temperatures. Unlike existing theories for the survival of Earth's
primitive mantle, this one does not require the early Earth to have
anomalously high density or large scale viscosity contrasts.%
\end{abstract}%



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