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\begin{document}

\title{Shear velocity evidence of upper crustal magma storage beneath Valles
Caldera}



\author[1]{Justin Wilgus}%
\author[1]{Brandon Schmandt}%
\author[1]{Ross Maguire}%
\author[2]{Chengxin Jiang}%
\author[3]{Julien Chaput}%
\affil[1]{University of New Mexico}%
\affil[2]{Australian National University}%
\affil[3]{University of Texas El Paso}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Valles Caldera was formed by large rhyolitic eruptions at
\textasciitilde{}1.6 and 1.23 Ma and it hosts post-caldera rhyolitic
deposits as young as \textasciitilde{}70 ka, but the contemporary state
of the magmatic system is unclear. Local seismicity beneath Valles
Caldera is rare and shear-velocity (Vs) structure has not been
previously imaged. Here, we present the first local Vs tomography
beneath Valles Caldera using ambient noise Rayleigh dispersion from a
\textasciitilde{}71 km transect of nodal seismographs with mean spacing
of \textasciitilde{}750 m. An \textasciitilde{}6 km wide low-Vs anomaly
(Vs\textless{}2.1 km/s) is located at \textasciitilde{}3-10 km depth
within the 1.23 Ma caldera's ring fracture. Assuming magma in textural
equilibrium, the new tomography suggests that melt fractions up to
\textasciitilde{}17-22\% may be present within the upper crustal depth
range where previously erupted rhyolites were stored.%
\end{abstract}%



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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image1/image1}

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\end{figure}

\emph{Geophysical Research Letters}

Supporting Information for

\textbf{Shear velocity evidence of upper crustal magma storage beneath
Valles Caldera}

Justin Wilgus\textsuperscript{1}(jwilgus@unm.edu), Brandon
Schmandt\textsuperscript{1}, Ross Maguire\textsuperscript{1,2}, Chengxin
Jiang\textsuperscript{3}, Julien Chaput\textsuperscript{4}

\emph{1. University of New Mexico, Department of Earth \& Planetary
Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA}

\emph{2. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Geology,
Urbana, IL, USA}

\emph{3. The Australian National University, Research School of Earth
Sciences, Acton, ACT, Australia}

\emph{4. University of Texas at El Paso, Department of Geological
Sciences, El Paso, TX, USA}

\textbf{Contents of this file}

Figures S1 to S8 Tables S1 to S3

\textbf{Introduction}

The supplementary information provided here includes 8 figures and 3
tables. These materials expand on processing, methodology, and results.

\textbf{Figure S1.} Vs search range, model parameterization, and example
sensitivity kernels.

\textbf{Figure S2.} Number of interstation phase velocity measurements
used at each period for phase velocity tomography.

\textbf{Figure S3.} Chi-squared (?\textsuperscript{2}) misfit maps.

\textbf{Figure S4.} Uncertainty test cases and their BMMC inversion
results.

\textbf{Figure S5.} Phase velocity resolution test at 4 s with strongly
reduced velocities within the ring fracture of the caldera.

\textbf{Figure S6.} Phase velocity resolution test at 4 s period with
alternating positive and negative velocity anomalies surrounded by
neutral velocities.

\textbf{Figure S7.} Phase velocity predictions and Vs profiles of the
2,000 best BMMC models for three points across the transect.

\textbf{Figure S8.} Vs as a function of melt fraction over aspect ratios
indicative of textural equilibrium, 0.1 to 0.15.

\textbf{Table S1.} List of stations that tipped at some point during
deployment.

\textbf{Table S2.} Prior velocity range for each b-spline parameter in
BMMC inversion.

\textbf{Table S3.} Weight percent bulk major oxide compositions from
Banco Bonito rhyolite flow.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image2/image2}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S1.} Figure S1. Vs search range, model parameterization,
and example sensitivity kernels. a) A uniform prior Vs distribution was
used within search range indicated by gray shading. b) The shape of the
7 b-spline functions used to parameterize the middle to upper crust is
shown with solid black lines. The plots in a and b use a depth to
half-space of 21 km. That depth was allowed to vary from 20-23 km in the
inversion. C) Phase velocity sensitivity to Vs structure at periods of
3, 5, 7, and 9s calculated from the mean Vs profile (Figure 3) using
SensKernel-1.0 (Levshin et al., 1989). Note that the BMMC inversion does
not use these kernels; it accounts for nonlinearity by repeated forward
modeling. The example kernels are shown here to help illustrate the
typical sensi tivity of the phase velocity measurements.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image3/image3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S2.} Number of interstation phase velocity measurements
used at each period for phase velocity tomography along the transect.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image4/image4}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S3.} Map of average X2 misfits from the posterior
distribution at each Vs inversion location. The mean misfit of all
locations, 1.7, is given in the plot.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image5/image5}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S4.} Uncertainty test cases and their BMMC inversion
results. a) Uncertainties for each of the three cases. Case 1 uses
uncertainties from bootstrap resampling of the phase velocity results
and repeated inversions with the bootstrap samples. Case 2 uses a fixed
25 m/s uncertainty at all periods, which is the case presented in the
main text. Case 3 uses a fixed 50 m/s uncertainty range. b) Misfit map
and Vs cross section for case 1. c) same as b but for case 2. b) same as
c but for case 3. Dotted lines in misfit maps and Vs cross section show
the 1.23 Ma caldera's ring fracture.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image6/image6}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S5.} Phase velocity resolution test with strongly reduced
velocities within the ring fracture of the caldera. a) The input
structure includes a 6-km wide low-velocity anomaly with 4-s Rayleigh
wave phase velocity reduced by 20\%. For reference, the observationally
estimated phase velocity anomaly at 4 s period is \textasciitilde{}15\%
so this test is using a more severe anomaly. b) The recovered phase
velocities from the inversion of synthetic data show that a peak
velocity reduction of --17.5\% is recovered. Thus, \textasciitilde{}85\%
of the magnitude of the input anomaly was recovered\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image7/image7}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S6.} Figure S6. Phase velocity resolution test at 4 s
period with alternating positive and negative velocity anomalies
surrounded by neutral velocities. a) The input structure contains 10\%
velocity anomalies that are 6-km wide and separated by equal-widths of
neutral velocities. b) All four input anomalies are recovered with
slightly reduced magnitudes, but the anomalies within the interior of
the transect are better resolved than those closer to the edges.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image8/image8}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S7.} Phase velocity predictions and Vs profiles of the
2,000 best BMMC models for three points across the transect.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image9/image9}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S8.} Vs as a function of melt fraction over aspect ratios
indicative of textural equilibrium, 0.1 to 0.15. Solid phase Vs values
were determined using the \textasciitilde{}70 ka Banco Bonito rhyolite
composition at 170 MPa (\textasciitilde{}5 km depth), and 700 C\selectlanguage{ngerman}°. A
density of 2.2 kg/m3 and bulk modulus of 9 GPa were assumed for the melt
phase.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Station name} & \textbf{Latitude} & \textbf{Longitude} &
\textbf{Approximate day of tip}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
28 & 35.89744 & -106.5471 & Before 10-10-2019\tabularnewline
33 & 35.93139 & -106.5132 & Before 10-10-2019\tabularnewline
37* & 35.97542 & -106.5064 & 10-30-2019\tabularnewline
1011 & 35.86139 & -106.563 & Before 10-10-2019\tabularnewline
1015 & 35.87358 & -106.5505 & Before 10-10-2019\tabularnewline
1017* & 35.88239 & -106.548 & 10-20-2019\tabularnewline
1019 & 35.92355 & -106.5313 & Before 10-10-2019\tabularnewline
1020 & 35.93081 & -106.5302 & Before 10-10-2019\tabularnewline
1024* & 35.96445 & -106.5131 & 10-20-2019\tabularnewline
1027 & 35.99831 & -106.4988 & 10-10-2019\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table S1.} List of stations that tipped at some point during
deployment. Stations with asterisk recorded \textgreater{}10 days of
data that were used for ambient noise cross correlations. The other
tipped stations were not included in our analysis.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Spline \#} & \textbf{Lower bound} & \textbf{Upper
bound}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
1 & 1.50 & 3.00\tabularnewline
2 & 1.50 & 3.10\tabularnewline
3 & 1.60 & 3.25\tabularnewline
4 & 1.70 & 3.55\tabularnewline
5 & 1.95 & 3.65\tabularnewline
6 & 2.90 & 3.70\tabularnewline
7 & 3.30 & 3.70\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table S2.} Prior velocity range for each b-spline parameter in
BMMC inversion.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Oxide} & \textbf{Weight\%}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
SiO2 & 74.2\tabularnewline
AI2O3 & 13.24\tabularnewline
Fe2O3 & 1.82\tabularnewline
MgO & 0.67\tabularnewline
CaO & 1.49\tabularnewline
Na2O & 3.85\tabularnewline
K2O & 4.36\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table S3.} Weight percent bulk major oxide compositions from
Banco Bonito, the youngest rhyolite flow at Valles caldera (Fig. 1;
Spell and Kyle, 1989).

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10512567.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/549881/articles/603773-shear-velocity-evidence-of-upper-crustal-magma-storage-beneath-valles-caldera}

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