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\begin{document}

\title{Direct measurement of the inertial drag and lift forces on entrained
coarse particles at various protrusion heights}



\author[1]{Yushu Xie}%
\author[2]{Bruce Melville}%
\author[2]{Asaad Yahia Shamseldin}%
\author[3]{Colin Nicholas Whittaker}%
\author[4]{Yifan Yang}%
\affil[1]{The University of Auckland}%
\affil[2]{University of Auckland}%
\affil[3]{the University of Auckland}%
\affil[4]{The University of Auckland, The University of Waikato}%


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  \date{May 28, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Laboratory experiments were performed to study the impact of the
relative particle protrusion P/D (P is the protrusion height and D is
the diameter of the target particle) on the mechanism of entrainment of
sediment particles from a spherical rough bed. The target particle to be
entrained was instrumented with electronic sensors, which can measure
the tri-axis linear acceleration, and consequently the inertial
hydrodynamic forces, during the entrainment process. The velocity field
was obtained using the two-dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry (PTV)
technique and the velocity data were synchronised with the force data
relative to the entrainment time. Experimental results show that the
magnitudes of inertial drag force and lift force have a decreasing trend
as particle protrusion increases. The ratio of inertial lift force to
drag force reveal that drag force slightly dominates the entrainment
process at P/D \textgreater{} 0.7 while lift force slightly dominates at
P/D \textless{} 0.62. Also, the inertial drag and lift coefficients were
computed by the force data and velocity data. The inertial drag
coefficient was found to be independent of P/D when P/D \textless{} 0.62
but declined with increasing P/D for P/D \textgreater{} 0.62. Similarly,
the variation of inertial lift coefficient with P/D reversed at P/D =
0.7. This variation of force coefficients with P/D is consistent with
the independence of inertial forces with respect to P/D when P/D
\textgreater{} 0.62-0.7. In summary, the inertial forces demonstrate
that the impact of protrusion on the particle entrainment becomes less
important when P/D \textgreater{} 0.62-0.7.%
\end{abstract}%



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