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\begin{document}

\title{Prolonged La Nina events and associated heat distribution in the
Tropical Indian Ocean during 1958--2017}



\author[1]{Soumya Mukhopadhyay}%
\author[1]{Dr. Gnanaseelan Chellappan}%
\author[1]{Jasti Chowdary}%
\author[1]{Anant Parekh}%
\author[1]{Sandeep Mohapatra}%
\affil[1]{Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 10, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
La Nina events influence the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface
temperature, sea level and heat content significantly. However, proper
quantification in the context of ocean heat transport in the TIO and its
persistence is lacking. So, in this study, we have chosen the La Nina
events which persist for more than 24-months to study the effects of
such events in the TIO using observational and reanalysis data. It is
found that prolonged La Nina events promote intensification of cooling
anomaly and sea-level-low in the thermocline ridge region of the Indian
Ocean (TRIO) and its eastward extension from its climatological location
(the southwestern TIO). This happens as a response to the cyclonic wind
generated in the southeastern TIO and the associated upwelling Rossby
waves which propagate westward to shoal the thermocline in the TRIO
region and also extending it eastward while intensifying the cooling and
sea level low there. Whereas, in the eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean
(EIO) and Bay of Bengal (BoB) a deepening of thermocline, east-west
thermocline gradient, anomalous sub-surface warming, increase in the
upper ocean heat content and sea-level rise are in the characteristic
features of all the prolonged La Nina events. Intense cooling and
anomalous sea level low in the Arabian Sea (AS) and intense warming and
thermocline deepening in the head bay and the eastward extension of the
TRIO regions are found to be unique features of these prolonged La Ni\selectlanguage{ngerman}ña
events. These prolonged La Niña events support cross-equatorial Sverdrup
transport near the eastern boundary of EIO. This suggests a pathway of
warm western Pacific waters accumulated in southeastern EIO entering the
north Indian Ocean increasing the heat-content of BoB especially in the
50m---150m depth. The warming (cooling) of the BoB (AS) is speculated to
enhance (suppress) pre and post monsoon cyclones over these regions by
modulating the tropical cyclone heat potential during these prolonged La
Nina events.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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