Here we present an ~2000 year high-resolution glaciochemical record from the South Pole. Significant changes in chemical concentrations, accumulation rate, stable water isotopes and deuterium excess records are captured during the period ~1400-1700 CE, indicating a reorganization of atmospheric circulation that occurred in two steps: ~1400-1425 CE and ~1650-1700 CE. Major declines in dust and SO42- concentrations are observed ~1400 CE suggesting poleward contraction of the southern circumpolar vortex and potential intensification of westerly air flow, accompanied by a sea ice decrease in the Weddell Sea and potentially also in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. The changes in stable water isotopes, deuterium excess, NO3- concentration and accumulation rate characterize a second shift in atmospheric reorganization between 1650-1700 CE, reflecting increased marine air mass intrusions and subsequent reduction of the katabatic winds, and a shift to a colder moisture source for South Pole precipitation. These internally consistent changes involving atmospheric circulations and sea ice conditions are also in line with those identified for the recent period, and include associations with the large-scale teleconnections of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM).

Current changes in tropical South America due to atmospheric warming, deforestation, and glacier retreat impact moisture and water exchange between the Amazon basin and the Andes. Thus, a deeper understanding of past atmospheric variability is crucial for developing strategies for climate and environmental change scenarios in this region. Within this context, we investigated an 18-year firn core drilled at the Illimani to interpret its aerosol composition (trace elements and major ions) in relation to seasonal processes, particularly atmospheric circulation over the Amazon basin. The resulting 21st-century record showed reduced Cr contamination over the Altiplano in comparison to the late 20th century, which was probably related to reduced emissions from mining activities. Sulfur records suggest the influence of volcanic eruptions in 2006 (Rabaul) and 2014 (Nyamuragira-Nyiragongo). Overall, the aerosol composition was mainly modulated by precipitation variability over the Altiplano at both annual and seasonal timescales. However, Mn was enriched due to strengthened low-level jets in the Amazon basin during the dry season, especially in 2015. This was corroborated by the reanalysis data. Furthermore, Mn, Co, and Fe showed an unprecedented peak in the record during the wet season of 2014, which was consistent with the arrival of a dust plume from Africa over Amazonia. Therefore, the Mn enrichment record can be used as a new proxy for obtaining information about the South American Low-Level Jet, and, when considered together with more elements, might also indicate snow layers that were possibly loaded with aerosols from Africa.