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\begin{document}

\title{Parameterizing mesoscale eddy buoyancy transport over sloping topography}



\author[1,2,3]{Aleksi Nummelin}%
\author[1,4]{Pål Erik Isachsen}%
\affil[1]{University of Oslo}%
\affil[2]{Finnish Meteorological Institute}%
\affil[3]{NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS}%
\affil[4]{Norwegian Meteorological Institute}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 13, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Most of the ocean's kinetic energy is contained within the mesoscale
eddy field. Models that do not resolve these eddies tend to parameterize
their impacts such that the parameterized transport of buoyancy and
tracers reduces the large-scale available potential energy and spreads
tracers. However, the parameterizations used in the ocean components of
current generation Earth System Models (ESMs) rely on an assumption of a
flat ocean floor even though observations and high-resolution modelling
show that eddy transport is sensitive to the potential vorticity
gradients associated with a sloping seafloor. We show that buoyancy
transport coefficient diagnosed from idealized eddy-resolving
simulations is indeed reduced over both prograde and retrograde bottom
slopes (topographic wave propagation along or against the mean flow,
respectively) and that the reduction can be skilfully captured by a
mixing length parameterization by introducing the topographic Rhines
scale as a length scale. This modified `GM' parameterization enhances
the strength of thermal wind currents over the slopes in
coarse-resolution, non-eddying, simulations. We find that in realistic
global coarse-resolution simulations the impact of topography is most
pronounced at high latitudes, enhancing the mean flow strength and
reducing temperature and salinity biases. Reducing the buoyancy
transport coefficient further with a mean-flow dependent eddy efficiency
factor, has notable effects also at lower latitudes and leads to
reduction of global mean biases.%
\end{abstract}%



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