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\begin{document}

\title{Extracting near-field seismograms from ocean-bottom pressure gauge
inside the focal area: application to the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki
earthquake}



\author[1]{Tatsuya Kubota}%
\author[1]{Tatsuhiko Saito}%
\author[2]{Hiroaki Tsushima}%
\author[3]{Ryota Hino}%
\author[3]{Yusaku Ohta}%
\author[3]{Syuichi Suzuki}%
\author[4]{Daisuke Inazu}%
\affil[1]{National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience}%
\affil[2]{Meteorological Research Institute}%
\affil[3]{Tohoku University}%
\affil[4]{Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Recent studies have shown that ocean-bottom pressure gauges (OBPs) can
record seismic waves in addition to tsunamis and seafloor permanent
displacements, even if they are installed inside the focal area where
the signals are extremely large. We developed a method to extract
dynamic ground motion waveforms from near-field OBP data consisting of a
complex mixture of various signals, based on an inversion analysis along
with a theory of tsunami generation. We applied this method to the OBP
data of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. We successfully extracted the
low-frequency vertical seismograms inside the focal area (\emph{f}
\textless{} \textasciitilde{}0.05 Hz), although those of the Mw
\textasciitilde{}9.0 megathrust earthquake had never previously been
reported. The seismograms suggested two dominant energy releases around
the hypocenter. The seismic wave signals recorded by the near-field OBP
will be important not only to reveal earthquake ruptures and tsunami
generation processes but also to conduct real-time tsunami forecasts.%
\end{abstract}%



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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image1/image1}

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\emph{Geophysical Research Letters}

Supporting Information for

\textbf{Extracting near-field seismogram from ocean-bottom pressure
gauge inside the focal area: application to the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki
earthquake}

T. Kubota\textsuperscript{1}, T. Saito\textsuperscript{1}, H.
Tsushima\textsuperscript{2}, R. Hino\textsuperscript{3}, Y.
Ohta\textsuperscript{3}, S. Suzuki\textsuperscript{3}, D.
Inazu\textsuperscript{4}

\textsuperscript{1} National Research Institute for Earth Science and
Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba, Japan\textsuperscript{2} Meteorological
Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba,
Japan\textsuperscript{3} Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University,
Sendai, Japan\textsuperscript{4} Department of Marine Resources and
Energy, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan

\textbf{Contents of this file}

Figures S1 to S3 Table S1

\textbf{Introduction}

Calculation of the hydrostatic and dynamic pressure changes from the
inversion result is shown in Figure S1. Comparison of the amplitude
spectra at GJT3 is shown in Figure S2. Figure S3 compares the
seismograms obtained by this study and those expected from the bandpass
filter. The station list is shown in Table S1.

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`image2.emf`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/543755/articles/601386-extracting-near-field-seismograms-from-ocean-bottom-pressure-gauge-inside-the-focal-area-application-to-the-2011-mw-9-0-tohoku-oki-earthquake}

\textbf{Figure S1.} Comparison between the observed pressure waveforms
(black) with the simulated waveforms, for (a,b) dynamic (green), (c, d)
hydrostatic (blue), and (e,f) both pressure changes.

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`image3.emf`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/543755/articles/601386-extracting-near-field-seismograms-from-ocean-bottom-pressure-gauge-inside-the-focal-area-application-to-the-2011-mw-9-0-tohoku-oki-earthquake}

\textbf{Figure S2.} Comparison of spectral amplitudes at GJT3 between
the observed one (black) and calculated ones; red: both hydrostatic and
dynamic, blue: only hydrostatic, green: only dynamic pressure changes.
The time window of 2048 s from the origin time is used for the spectral
calculation.

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`image4.emf`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/543755/articles/601386-extracting-near-field-seismograms-from-ocean-bottom-pressure-gauge-inside-the-focal-area-application-to-the-2011-mw-9-0-tohoku-oki-earthquake}

\textbf{Figure S3.} Comparison between the extracted seismograms (red),
and the lowpass-filtered (0.05 Hz, gray) and the bandpass-filtered
(0.01--0.05 Hz, black dashed) waveforms, for (a) vertical acceleration
and (b) vertical displacement.

\textbf{Table S1.} List of the stations used in this
study.\textsuperscript{a}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
Station & Latitude {[}\selectlanguage{ngerman}°N{]} & Longitude {[}\selectlanguage{ngerman}°E{]} & Depth {[}m{]} &
Inversion time window {[}s{]} & Agency\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
GJT3 & 38.2945 & 143.4814 & 3293 & 0 -- 3600 & Tohoku
University\tabularnewline
P02 & 38.5002 & 142.5016 & 1104 & 0 -- 3600 & Tohoku
University\tabularnewline
P03 & 38.1834 & 142.3998 & 1052 & 0 -- 3600 & Tohoku
University\tabularnewline
P06 & 38.6340 & 142.5838 & 1254 & 0 -- 3600 & Tohoku
University\tabularnewline
P07 & 38.0003 & 142.4488 & 1059 & 0 -- 3600 & Tohoku
University\tabularnewline
P08 & 38.2855 & 142.8330 & 1418 & 0 -- 3600 & Tohoku
University\tabularnewline
P09 & 38.2659 & 143.0006 & 1556 & 0 -- 3600 & Tohoku
University\tabularnewline
TM1 & 39.2312 & 142.7684 & 1618 & 0 -- 1800 & ERI\tabularnewline
TM2 & 39.2489 & 142.4412 & 1013 & 0 -- 1800 & ERI\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textsuperscript{a}All data were resampled to 1 Hz after the filtering
process.

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