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\begin{document}

\title{Denudation history of the Eastern Nepalese Himalaya constrained by
thermochronological methods}



\author[1,1]{Toru Nakajima}%
\author[1,1]{Tetsuo Kawakami}%
\author[2,2]{Hideki Iwano}%
\author[2,2]{Tohru Danhara}%
\author[1,1]{Harutaka Sakai}%
\affil[1]{Kyoto University}%
\affil[2]{Kyoto Fission-Track Co. Ltd.}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The thermochronological method was applied to metamorphic rocks
distributed in eastern Nepal to elucidate the denudation process of the
upper-crust of the continental collision zone. New results of systematic
fission-track (FT) age dating and FT length measurements of zircon and
apatite were utilized in the thermochronological inverse analysis to
reconstruct the time-temperature (t-T) paths in the temperature range of
60--350\selectlanguage{ngerman}°C. Eight t-T paths obtained along the across-strike section in
eastern Nepal showed that the cooling process of the metamorphic rocks
are characterized by 1) gradual cooling (\textless{}30°C/Myr) followed
by rapid cooling (\textasciitilde{}150°C/Myr) and subsequent gradual
cooling (gradual-rapid-gradual cooling: GRG cooling), 2)
northward-younging of the timing of the rapid cooling since ca. 9 Ma.
The observed FT ages and t-T paths were then compared with the FT ages
and t-T paths obtained by forward calculations using 3-D thermokinematic
models to test the following four tectono-thermal models which have been
proposed in the Central and Eastern Himalayas: 1) The denudation of the
upper-crust is associated with the movement of the plate boundary fault
(Main Himalayan Thrust: MHT) showing flat geometry (the Flat MHT model)
and 2) flat-ramp-flat geometry (the Flat-Ramp-Flat MHT model), 3) the
denudation of the upper-crust is mainly controlled by the focused uplift
associated with the growth of the Lesser Himalayan Duplex (the Duplex
01-03 model) or 4) slip of the splay fault of the MHT (the Splay Fault
model). As a result, only the Flat-Ramp-Flat MHT model reconstructed
similar t-T paths and age distribution patterns obtained from eastern
Nepal. This suggests that the observed FT ages and t-T paths reflect a
denudation process driven by the movement of the MHT showing a
flat-ramp-flat geometry. The GRG cooling and the northward-younging of
the timing of rapid cooling indicate that the flat-ramp-flat geometry of
the MHT was established by ca. 9 Ma and has been stable thereafter. The
result of the thermokinematic inverse analysis also indicates that the
denudation rate and its spatial distribution have been stable since ca.
9 Ma.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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