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\begin{document}

\title{Surface water availability and field-measured permeability on Santa Rosa
Island, Channel Islands National Park, California}



\author[1]{Kevin Schmidt}%
\author[1]{Scott Minor}%
\affil[1]{U.S. Geological Survey}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
To assess spatial correlation between field-surveyed, discontinuous
occurrences of surface water during base-flow conditions on Santa Rosa
Island, Channel Islands National Park with geologic substrate, we
compared mapped geology to the corresponding permeability at GPS-located
sites. We used a portable, handheld air permeameter (NER TinyPerm II) to
measure in situ rock permeability on outcrops, under ambient moisture
conditions, at the core scale. Sites represent a range of surface water
conditions, from wet to dry, and mapped geologic features such as rock
type or structure, including unit contacts and Quaternary faults. Along
the island-spanning Santa Rosa Island fault and other subsidiary faults,
we measured permeability within fault cores and damage zones, and in
adjacent rock protolith. Permeability estimates at 31 sites
(\textgreater{}600 measurements) reveal four trends associated with rock
type and geologic structure consistent with presence or absence of
surface-water occurrence: i) Volcanic rocks and intact, indurated
sandstones and shales express lower and intermediate permeabilities
(\textasciitilde{}10\^{}-1 -- 10\^{}2 mD), correlating with more
continuous surface water presence. ii) Similar rocks, but with secondary
fractures induced by tectonic or topographic stresses, express
intermediate to higher permeabilities (\textasciitilde{}10\^{}3 --
10\^{}6 mD) and little correlation with surface water leading to
generally dry valley floors. iii) Faults may act as both conduits and
barriers to flow with clay-rich cores exhibiting low permeability
(\textasciitilde{}10\^{}-1 -- 10\^{}2 mD) whereas adjacent damage zones
contain broken rock with intermediate to higher permeabilities
(\textasciitilde{}10\^{}2 -- 10\^{}7 mD). Outside the damage zones,
non-fractured rock protoliths generally express lower permeability
(\textasciitilde{}10\^{}0 -- 10\^{}3 mD). Laterally continuous
fault-core gouge, and juxtaposition of rock types with contrasting
permeabilities, likely act as effective barriers to cross-fault flow,
forcing groundwater to the surface. iv) Bedding, parting, and fracture
planes appear to impart local permeability anisotropy as reflected in
observed reduced permeability in directions perpendicular to such
planes. This research could benefit vegetation restoration strategies in
water-limited landscapes where ecosystems are reliant on surface water
and where mapped geology can be used to infer permeability.%
\end{abstract}%



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