\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Influence of CO2-water displacement characteristics on the storage
efficiency and security of geological carbon storage}



\author[1]{Yan Zhao}%
\author[1]{Ruru Xi}%
\author[1]{Liu Yang}%
\author[2]{Qian Zhang}%
\author[1]{Xinyao Huang}%
\author[1]{Xiao Chen}%
\affil[1]{Chang'an University}%
\affil[2]{Petro China Changqing Oilfield Company Planning Department}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
In the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, the storage efficiency
and security of geological carbon storage (GCS) are the focus of
attention, and both of them are closely related to the displacement
behavior between immiscible two phases. In this study,
CO\textsubscript{2}-water displacement experiments were conducted on six
samples with various pore structures using NMR and MRI technology to
characterize the fluid distribution and determine displacement patterns.
The displacement property was found to be closely related to the pore
structure and appears to be independent of mineral compositions. The
two-phase displacement instability gradually evolved from tounging
(\emph{log}Ca \textgreater{} -2.76) to capillary fingering (\emph{log}Ca
\textless{} -1.85), and then further evolved into viscous fingering
(\emph{log}Ca \textgreater{} -1.85). Nevertheless, pore structures with
good connectivity and high-permeability channels will restrain the
occurrence of unstable displacement even if \emph{log}Ca is in the
favorable range. In addition, unstable displacement is seriously
affected by the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the pore structure. With
the tonguing phenomenon, displacement efficiency will present a distinct
ladder-shaped increase with increasing pore size, whereas the capillary
fingering and viscous fingering phenomena will induce a more complex and
variable change rule. Compared with unstable displacement, the stable
piston-like displacement tends to result in the highest displacement
efficiency. Furthermore, for rocks with high sealing efficiency that can
be considered as caprocks, the pore structures are often dominated by
micropores, and their displacement pattern is more likely to reflect
time-consuming piston-like displacement, which will reduce the
probability of premature CO\textsubscript{2} breakthrough.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`figures.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/539233/articles/599859-influence-of-co2-water-displacement-characteristics-on-the-storage-efficiency-and-security-of-geological-carbon-storage}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10511441.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/539233/articles/599859-influence-of-co2-water-displacement-characteristics-on-the-storage-efficiency-and-security-of-geological-carbon-storage}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

