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\begin{document}

\title{Validation of Ocean Model Predictions of Mean Dynamic Topography in
Shallow, Tidally Dominated Regions Using Observations of Overtides}



\author[1]{Christoph Renkl}%
\author[1]{Keith Richard Thompson}%
\affil[1]{Dalhousie University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 20, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
In shallow, tidally dominated regions, overtides and the mean state of
the ocean are coupled through their simultaneous generation by nonlinear
processes. We present a new method that uses observed overtides (e.g.,
M\textsubscript{4}) and mean currents to independently assess the
accuracy of mean dynamic topography (MDT) predicted by ocean models.
This is useful in regions where no sufficiently long, geodetically
referenced sea level records are available for validation of the
predicted MDT.\\
We apply the new method to a regional model of the Gulf of Maine/Scotian
Shelf region (GoMSS) and a barotropic, higher resolution model focused
on the upper Bay of Fundy (UBoF). We first show that the tides and mean
circulation predicted by UBoF are in good agreement with observations
and a significant improvement over GoMSS. Next, we use UBoF to
demonstrate that observed overtides are useful in specifying the
bathymetry and parameters of an ocean model. An accurate bathymetry is
critical for capturing the dominant nonlinear processes that generate
overtides and control the form of MDT in shallow, tidally dominated
regions. Finally, we use the observed overtides to argue that the MDT
predicted by UBoF is more realistic than the prediction by GoMSS. In the
vicinity of headlands, both horizontal advection and bottom friction in
UBoF generate harmonics of the tidal flow and local setdowns of coastal
MDT of O(10 cm). The prediction of such features, validated by observed
overtides, can provide guidance in future deployments of tide gauges in
support of geoid and ocean model validation.%
\end{abstract}%



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