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\begin{document}

\title{H2O windows and CO2 radiator fins: a clear-sky explanation for the peak
in ECS}



\author[1]{Jacob Seeley}%
\author[2]{Nadir Jeevanjee}%
\affil[1]{Harvard University Center for the Environment}%
\affil[2]{Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Recent explorations of the state-dependence of Earth's equilibrium
climate sensitivity (ECS) have revealed a pronounced peak in ECS at a
surface temperature of approximately 310 K. This ECS peak has been
observed in models spanning the model hierarchy, suggesting a robust
physical source. Here we propose an explanation for this ECS peak using
a novel spectrally-resolved decomposition of clear-sky longwave
feedbacks. We show that the interplay between spectral feedbacks in H2O-
and CO2-dominated portions of the longwave spectrum, along with
moist-adiabatic amplification of upper-tropospheric warming, conspire to
produce a minimum in the feedback parameter, and a corresponding peak in
ECS, at a surface temperature of 310 K. Mechanism denial tests highlight
three key ingredients for the ECS peak: 1) H2O continuum absorption to
quickly close spectral windows at high surface temperature; 2)
moist-adiabatic tropospheric temperatures to enhance upper-tropospheric
warming; and 3) energetically-consistent increases of CO2 with surface
temperature.%
\end{abstract}%



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