Figure 3. Simple diagram demonstrating the modifications in this study,
which includes the modification of surface saturated fraction and
incorporating a surface wetland storage scheme in the Noah-MP Land
Surface Model.
2.6 Simulation design
Three sets of numerical simulations are conducted to study impacts of
representing wetlands on the simulated energy and water balance in the
Noah-MP LSM, as well as feedback to the regional climate in the coupled
WRF system. A summary of these three simulations is in Table 1.
The first set of simulations is a single-point test, driven by observed
forcing, in a half-water/half-vegetation fen site in central
Saskatchewan. This is to study the impacts of modifying the\(F_{\text{sat}}\) parameterization and the sensitivity of dynamical
storage and its impacts on the energy/water balance.
The second set of simulations is on the regional scale in the PPR,
driven by a 4-km WRF regional climate simulation (CONUS WRF, Liu et al.,
2017). In this simulation, we constrain the maximum \(F_{\text{satmx}}\)by satellite observation data (GIEMS) and combine the surface water
storage with fine-scale 90-m DEM (MERIT
data:http://hydro.iis.utokyo.ac.jp/~yamadai/MERIT_DEM/).
The purpose of this offline simulation is to investigate the
implementation on a regional scale, with respect to spatial
heterogeneity of \(F_{\text{satmx}}\) and \(W_{\text{cap}}\).
The third set is the coupled WRF regional climate simulation for three
summers with strong inter-annual variability: 2005 (wet), 2006 (dry),
and 2007 (normal). This is to study the impacts of surface wetland
dynamics and their feedback to regional climate, in particular under a
high-resolution convection-permitting configuration. It is also
noteworthy that in the summer of 2006, an intense and prolonged heatwave
occurred in the Central U.S. and Southern Canada from mid-July to early
August.
Table 1. Summary of the three simulations conducted in this study.