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\begin{document}

\title{Surface salinity under transitioning ice cover in the Canada Basin:
Climate model biases linked to vertical 2 distribution of freshwater}



\author[1]{Erica Rosenblum}%
\author[2]{Robert Fajber}%
\author[1]{Julienne Stroeve}%
\author[3]{Sarah Gille}%
\author[4]{Bruno Tremblay}%
\author[5]{Eddy Carmack}%
\affil[1]{University of Manitoba}%
\affil[2]{University of Washington}%
\affil[3]{University of California San Diego}%
\affil[4]{McGill University}%
\affil[5]{Fisheries and Oceans Canada}%


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  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The Canada Basin has exhibited a significant trend toward a fresher
surface layer and thus a more stratified upper ocean over the past three
decades. Here, we explore the extent to which the Community Earth System
Model (CESM) accurately simulates the observed surface freshening and
seasonal processes that contribute to the freshening. We examine 30
simulations from CESM1 (used in the IPCC AR5), 3 simulations from CESM2
(IPCC AR6), and ocean observations from 1975 and 2006-2012. In contrast
to the observations, the models simulate salinity profiles that show
relatively little variation between 1975 and 2012. We demonstrate that
this bias can be partly attributed to the model's tendency to mix
freshwater too deep, creating a surface layer that is saltier than
observed. The results provide insight for climate model improvement that
could have wide-reaching implications because upper-ocean stratification
influences the vertical transport of heat and nutrients.%
\end{abstract}%



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