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\begin{document}

\title{The Cusp as a VLF Saucer Source: First Rocket Observations of
Long-Duration VLF Saucers on the Dayside}



\author[1]{Chrystal Moser}%
\author[1]{James LaBelle}%
\author[2]{Spencer Mark Hatch}%
\author[3]{Jøran I. Moen}%
\author[4]{Andres Spicher}%
\author[5]{Toru Takahashi}%
\author[6]{Craig A. Kletzing}%
\author[6]{Scott Randolph Bounds}%
\author[7]{Kjellmar Oksavik}%
\author[8]{Fred Sigernes}%
\author[9]{Tim Yeoman}%
\affil[1]{Dartmouth College}%
\affil[2]{Birkeland Centre for Space Science}%
\affil[3]{Arctic Geophysics, University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway}%
\affil[4]{University of Oslo}%
\affil[5]{National Institute of Polar Research}%
\affil[6]{University of Iowa}%
\affil[7]{University of Bergen}%
\affil[8]{University Centre on Svalbard}%
\affil[9]{University of Leicester, UK}%


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  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Auroral whistler mode radio emissions called saucers are of fundamental
interest because they require an unusually stationary emission process
in the dynamic auroral environment, and it is a mystery how that can
happen in this or similar conditions elsewhere in geospace. The Cusp
Alfven and Plasma Electrodynamics Rocket (CAPER-2), launched into the
polar cusp and obtained the first rocket measurements of a large-scale,
multiple-armed dayside saucers, similar to those recently observed by
the the DEMETER satellite, with the addition of in situ particle
measurements and simultaneous conjugate ground-based measurements. For
300 s prior to cusp entry, CAPER-2 detected \textasciitilde{}15
truncated saucer arms lasting 5--50 s. Directional analysis using
waveforms, combined with ground-based data, suggests that these
originate within the cusp. Ray-tracing analysis indicates source
altitudes \textasciitilde{}2500 km. On-board particle instruments show
dispersed electron bursts in the cusp, presumed Alfvenically
accelerated, corresponding to approximately the same source heights as
the saucers.%
\end{abstract}%



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