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\begin{document}

\title{COVID-19 pandemic reveals persistent disparities in nitrogen dioxide
pollution}



\author[1,1,1]{Gaige Hunter Kerr}%
\author[2,2,2]{Daniel L. Goldberg}%
\author[1,1,1]{Susan Anenberg}%
\affil[1]{George Washington University}%
\affil[2]{George Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory}%


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  \date{May 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The unequal spatial distribution of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2), an
air pollutant related to traffic, leads to higher exposure for minority
and low socioeconomic status communities. We exploit the unprecedented
drop in urban activity during the COVID-19 pandemic and use
high-resolution, remotely-sensed NO2 observations to investigate
disparities in NO2 levels across different demographic subgroups in the
United States. We show that prior to the pandemic, satellite-observed
NO2 levels in the least white census tracts of the United States were
nearly triple NO2 levels in the most white tracts. During the pandemic,
the largest lockdown-related NO2 reductions occurred in urban
neighborhoods that have 2.0 times more non-white residents and 2.1 times
more Hispanic residents than neighborhoods with the smallest reductions.
NO2 reductions were likely driven by the greater density of highways and
interstates in these racially and ethnically diverse areas. Although the
largest reductions occurred in marginalized areas, the effect of
lockdowns on racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic NO2 disparities was mixed
and, for many cities, non-significant. For example, the least white
tracts still experienced \textasciitilde{}1.5 times higher NO2 levels
during the lockdowns than the most white tracts experienced prior to the
pandemic. Future policies aimed at eliminating pollution disparities
will need to look beyond reducing emissions from only passenger traffic
and also consider other collocated sources of emissions such as
heavy-duty trucks, power plants, and industrial facilities.%
\end{abstract}%



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