Figure Captions
Fig. 1 Estimated storm tide levels (m above Wusong Datum) along the Shanghai region coast for 10- (a), 100- (b) and 1000-year (c) return periods under the current climate.
Fig. 2 Estimated flood return period curves at six selected gauge stations around Shanghai for the NCAR/NCEP current climate (black) and 2050 (0.5 m; orange) and 2100 (1.36 m; purple) sea levels. The x axis is the return period (year) and the y axis is the flood level (m above Wusong Datum). The shade area represents the 95% confidence interval. The green line represents the crest level of seawall at the gauge stations. The red line represents the peak water level recorded at gauge stations during Typhoon Winnie. The blue dot represents the flood return period level estimated by SWA using a Pearson-III distribution based on annual maximum values of recorded historical water levels at the gauge stations.
Fig. 3 Three worst-case coastal flood inundation scenarios in Shanghai. (a-c) Typhoon A, B and C induced coastal inundations under the current climate; (d-f) Typhoon A, B and C induced coastal inundations under the 2050 sea level (0.5 m); (g-i) Typhoon A, B and C induced flood inundations under the 2100 sea level (1.36 m). The black curve in the insert shows the storm track and the black star shows the location with the maximum water level during the storm (a, b, c). The storm parameters at landfall are: (a, d, g) Typhoon A: maximum wind speed Vm = 46.9 m/s, minimum sea-level pressure Pc = 958.8 mb, radius of maximum wind Rm= 81.2 km, and translation speed Ut = 13.4 m/s; (b, e, h) Typhoon B: Vm = 51.0 m/s, Pc = 952.4 mb, Rm = 80.1 km, and Ut = 9.0 m/s; (c, f, j) Typhoon C: Vm = 52.0 m/s, Pc = 951.5 mb, Rm = 63.7 km, and Ut = 6.7 m/s.