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\begin{document}

\title{Design Considerations for an Offshore Instrument Network for Tsunami
Early Warning in the Cascadia Subduction Zone}



\author[1]{William Wilcock}%
\author[1]{David Schmidt}%
\author[1]{Randall LeVeque}%
\author[2]{Frank Gonzalez}%
\author[3]{Diego Melgar}%
\author[1]{Brendan Crowell}%
\author[1]{Paul Bodin}%
\author[1]{Geoff Cram}%
\author[1]{Michael Harrington}%
\author[1]{Dana Manalang}%
\author[1]{Emily Roland}%
\affil[1]{University of Washington}%
\affil[2]{University of Washington Seattle Campus}%
\affil[3]{University of Oregon}%


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  \date{June 10, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We report on a feasibility study for an offshore instrument network in
the Cascadia subduction zone to improve earthquake and tsunami early
warning. The global DART buoy network provides effective warning for
far-field tsunamis but near-field tsunami warning is challenging because
the lead time is short and near-source observations are rarely available
to directly measure the sea surface disturbance and evolution.
Near-field tsunami warnings presently rely on rapid point source seismic
inversions that do not estimate tsunami wave height. Efforts are
underway to incorporate GNSS data into rapid source inversions that
would support an initial near-field tsunami prediction. Offshore
observations would contribute further to near-field tsunami warnings by
providing: first, direct observations of seafloor and sea surface
displacements during earthquake rupture and second, ongoing measurements
for continued forecast refinement. Offshore instruments could also
detect tsunamis triggered by submarine landslides and by so-called
``tsunami'' or ``slow'' or ``silent'' earthquakes that can generate
unexpectedly large tsunamis but are characterized by shaking intensity
so low as to be undetected or ignored. Pressure observations in the
source zone will be challenging to interpret because they are dominated
by seafloor accelerations and hydroacoustic waves rather than changes in
hydrostatic pressure. In an effective system, pressure observations may
need to be complemented by other observations such as inertial
measurements of seafloor displacement, GNSS buoys and high-frequency
coastal radar. It may also be important to place pressure sensors just
seaward of the source zone to measure the developing tsunami in a region
with an undisturbed seafloor. We will discuss alternative design options
for an offshore instrument network in Cascadia, the research and
development that must to be completed to determine the best approach,
and the role of offshore observations in a holistic plan for tsunami
mitigation.%
\end{abstract}%



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