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\begin{document}

\title{Propagation Effects of Slanted Narrow Bipolar Events: A Rebounding-Wave
Model Study}



\author[1]{Dongshuai Li}%
\author[2]{Alejandro Luque}%
\author[3]{Farhad Rachidi}%
\author[4]{Marcos Rubinstein}%
\author[5]{Torsten Neubert}%
\author[6]{Yanan Zhu}%
\author[7]{Olivier Chanrion}%
\author[8]{Caitano da Silva}%
\author[8]{Paul Krehbiel}%
\affil[1]{National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Space)}%
\affil[2]{Institute for Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA-CSIC), in Granada, Spain}%
\affil[3]{Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)}%
\affil[4]{University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland}%
\affil[5]{Department of Solar System Physics, Denmark}%
\affil[6]{Earth Networks}%
\affil[7]{National Space Institute (DTU Space)}%
\affil[8]{New Mexico Tech}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Narrow bipolar events (NBEs) are impulsive and powerful intracloud
discharges. Recent observations indicate that some NBEs exhibit a
slanted orientation rather than strictly vertical. However, the
inclination of NBEs has not been considered in previous transmission
line models, leading to uncertainty when evaluating their
characteristics based on electromagnetic fields. This paper investigates
the propagation effects of slanted NBEs using a newly developed slanted
rebounding-wave model. It is found that the calculated results using the
proposed model match well with measurements for both vertical and
slanted NBE cases. The inclination of the NBEs significantly affects the
electromagnetic fields at close distances, while the effects weaken as
the observation distance increases, where the fields are dominated by
the radiation component. The slanted rebounding-wave model improves the
agreement with respect to a purely vertical channel and can be extended
to any discharge geometry at arbitrary observation distances.%
\end{abstract}%



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