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\begin{document}

\title{Ocean stratification and sea-ice cover in Barents and Kara seas modulate
sea-air methane flux: satellite evidence}



\author[1]{leonid N Yurganov}%
\author[2]{Dustin Carroll}%
\author[3]{Hong Zhang}%
\affil[1]{Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, retired}%
\affil[2]{Moss Landing Marine Laboratories}%
\affil[3]{Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The diverse range of mechanisms driving the Arctic amplification are not
completely understood and, moreover, the role of the greenhouse gas
methane in Arctic warming remains unclear. Strong sources of methane at
the ocean seabed in the Barents Sea and other polar regions are well
documented. Nevertheless, those data suggest that negligible amounts of
methane fluxed from the seabed enter the atmosphere, with roughly 90\%
of the methane consumed by bacteria. The observations are taken during
summer, which is favorable for collecting data but also characterized by
a strongly-stratified water column. In winter the stratification weakens
and after a breakdown of the pycnocline, convection, storms, and
turbulent diffusion can mix the full-depth water column in high
latitudes.TheMixed Layer Depth (MLD) in the ice-free Central/Southern
Barents Sea is deepening and the ocean-atmosphere methane exchange
increases.. An additional barrier for the air-sea flux is seasonally and
interannually variable sea-ice cover in partially ice-covered seas. We
present Thermal IR space-based spectrometer data between 2002 and 2019
that shows increased methane concentration anomalies over the Barents
and Kara seas in winter months. The seasonal methane cycle amplitude
north of the Kara Sea has more than doubled since the beginning of the
century; this may be interpreted as an effect of sea-ice decline and/or
an evidence for growth of seabed emissions. A progressing degradation of
Arctic sea-ice cover may lead to increased methane flux and, through a
positive feedback loop, to further warming.%
\end{abstract}%



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