Abbreviation: AKI, acute kidney injury; FENA, fractional excretion of sodium; E, ethambutol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; H, isoniazid; KDIGO, kidney disease: improving global outcome; R, rifampin; RBC, red blood cell; TB, tuberculosis; WBC, white blood cell; Z, pyrazinamide

All received standard four-combined treatment after TB diagnosis.

* Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) was estimated by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula: [GFR = 175 × Serum Cr^-1.154 × age^-0.203 × 1.212 (if patient is black) × 0.742 (if female)]¹⁹

^# KDIGO staging criteria:¹⁸

Stage 1, Increase in serum creatinine of ≥26.53 μmol/L or 1.5 to 1.9 times baseline OR Urine output of <0.5 mL/kg/hour for 6 to 12 hours

Stage 2, Increase in serum creatinine to 2.0 to 2.9 times baseline OR Urine output of <0.5 mL/kg/hour for 12 to 24 hours

Stage 3, Increase in serum creatinine to ≥3.0 times baseline OR Increase in serum creatinine of ≥26.53 μmol/L to ≥353.68 μmol/L OR Urine output of <0.3 mL/kg/hour for ≥24 hours or anuria for ≥12 hours OR Initiation of kidney replacement therap

Table 4. Predictors for acute kidney injury (AKI), by multivariate cox proportional hazards regression analysis