Covariate Description Data type/source Scale Mean ± SD
Vineyard field
Vegetation Ground vegetation density (%) Field estimate* Field 68.33 ± 10.19
Flower species richness Mean number of flowering plant species Field estimate* Fields within 250 m buffer 5.87 ± 1.58
Nr flowers Mean density of flowering plants Field estimate* Fields within 250 m buffer 6.53 ± 4.37
Field size Area of vineyard field (m2) QGIS Field 2810.2 ± 4728.2
Landscape composition/ configuration Landscape composition/ configuration Landscape composition/ configuration Landscape composition/ configuration Landscape composition/ configuration
Vegetated vineyard area PLAND of vegetated vineyards (%) FRAGSTATS MS landscape 33.02 ± 16.03
Vegetated vineyard fragmentation PD of vegetated vineyards FRAGSTATS MS landscape 107.76 ± 54.82
Vineyard area PLAND of vineyards (%) FRAGSTATS MS landscape 36.38 ± 19.65
Residential area PLAND of residential areas (%) FRAGSTATS MS landscape 8.95 ± 8.8
Mean distance residential NND between residential areas (m) FRAGSTATS MS landscape 14.29 ± 6.0
Forest area PLAND of forests and groves (%) FRAGSTATS MS landscape 15.45 ± 11.49
Mean distance forests NND between forests and groves (m) FRAGSTATS MS landscape 25.13 ± 11.33
Farmland area PLAND of farmland (%) FRAGSTATS MS landscape 21.41 ± 12.13
Mean distance farmland NND between farmland patches (m) FRAGSTATS MS landscape 12.72 ± 8.51
Habitat diversity Shannon diversity of habitat types within the landscape FRAGSTATS MS landscape 1.53 ± 0.24
Bumble bee colonies Bumble bee colonies Bumble bee colonies
Nr workers Number of workers per colony Lab dissection* Colony 67.97 ± 66.82
Nr queens Number of queens per colony Lab dissection* Colony 9.06 ± 12.69
Nr cells Number of total cells per colony Lab dissection* Colony 532.71 ± 301.52
Nr pupal cells Number of hatched pupal cells per colony Lab dissection* Colony 153.4 ± 123.78
Colony weight change Weight gain of colonies (mg) Lab dissection* Colony 202.4 ± 245.2
Moth infestation rate Severity of moth infestation in the colony Lab dissection* Colony 1.51 ± 1.12
Nr parasitic larvae or pupae Number of parasitic larvae or pupae per colony Lab dissection* Colony 290.83 ± 303.13
Honey bee colonies Honey bee colonies
Distance to HB Nearest-neighbor distance to honey bee hives (m) QGIS Landscape 508.47 ± 284.41
Nr HB colonies Number of honey bee hives around the bumble bee colonies QGIS MS landscape 2.89 ± 3.03