Conclusions:
Prevention of off-target effects during optogenetic stimulation is
fundamental for reducing misinterpretation of experimental results. The
use of discontinuous light at low power levels and/or duty cycle can
achieve this goal. However, such conditions could reduce the efficiency
of optogenetic protocols in neurons expressing first-generation opsins,
a limitation that can be overcome by using new-generation opsins such as
ChRmine or ChroME (Marshel et al. , 2019; Sridharan et al. ,
2022).