References
  1. Efremidou EI, Papageorgiou MS, Liratzopoulos N, Manolas KJ. The efficacy and safety of total thyroidectomy in the management of benign thyroid disease: a review of 932 cases. Can J Surg . 2009;52(1):39-44.
  2. Baker DW. History of The Joint Commission’s Pain Standards: Lessons for Today’s Prescription Opioid Epidemic. JAMA . 2017;317(11):1117-1118.
  3. Brummett CM, Waljee JF, Goesling J, et al. New Persistent Opioid Use After Minor and Major Surgical Procedures in US Adults. JAMA Surg . 2017;152(6):e170504.
  4. Elia N, Tramèr MR. Ketamine and postoperative pain–a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials. Pain . 2005;113(1-2):61-70.
  5. Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J. Use and efficacy of low-dose ketamine in the management of acute postoperative pain: a review of current techniques and outcomes. Pain . 1999;82(2):111-125.
  6. Brinck EC, Tiippana E, Heesen M, et al. Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2018;12(12):CD012033.
  7. Subramaniam K, Subramaniam B, Steinbrook RA. Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg . 2004;99(2): 482-495.
  8. Jouguelet-Lacoste J, La Colla L, Schilling D, Chelly JE. The use of intravenous infusion or single dose of low-dose ketamine for postoperative analgesia: a review of the current literature. Pain Med . 2015;16(2):383-403.
  9. Peltoniemi MA, Hagelberg NM, Olkkola KT, Saari TI. Ketamine: A Review of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Anesthesia and Pain Therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet . 2016;55(9):1059-1077.
  10. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D; CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials . 2010;11:32.
  11. Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2002;166(10):1338-1344.
  12. Sebel PS, Bowdle TA, Ghoneim MM, et al. The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: a multicenter United States study. Anesth Analg . 2004;99(3):833-839.
  13. Loftus RW, Yeager MP, Clark JA, et al. Intraoperative ketamine reduces perioperative opiate consumption in opiate-dependent patients with chronic back pain undergoing back surgery. Anesthesiology . 2010;113(3):639-646.
  14. Abu Elyazed MM, Mostafa SF, Abdelghany MS, Eid GM. Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Open Epigastric Hernia Repair: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Anesth Analg . 2019;129(1):235-240.
  15. Jaeger P, Baggesgaard J, Sørensen JK, et al. Adductor Canal Block With Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent Boluses and Morphine Consumption: A Randomized, Blinded, Controlled Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg . 2018;126(6):2069-2077.
  16. Kim M, Kacker A, Kutler DI, et al. Pain and Opioid Analgesic Use After Otorhinolaryngologic Surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 2020;163(6):1178-1185.
  17. Cramer JD, Wisler B, Gouveia CJ. Opioid Stewardship in Otolaryngology: State of the Art Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 2018;158(5):817-827.
  18. Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet . 2006;367(9522):1618-1625.
  19. Chen YK, Boden KA, Schreiber KL. The role of regional anaesthesia and multimodal analgesia in the prevention of chronic postoperative pain: a narrative review. Anaesthesia . 2021;76 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):8-17.
  20. Jänig W, Häbler HJ. Physiologie und Pathophysiologie viszeraler Schmerzen [Physiology and pathophysiology of visceral pain]. Schmerz . 2002;16(6):429-446.
  21. Marchettini P, Barbieri A. Commentary: the peripheral mechanisms of abnormal temporal summation. Eur J Pain . 2000;4(1):15-17.
  22. Snijdelaar DG, Cornelisse HB, Schmid RL, Katz J. A randomised, controlled study of peri-operative low dose s(+)-ketamine in combination with postoperative patient-controlled s(+)-ketamine and morphine after radical prostatectomy. Anaesthesia . 2004;59(3):222-228.
  23. Murphy GS, Avram MJ, Greenberg SB, et al. Perioperative Methadone and Ketamine for Postoperative Pain Control in Spinal Surgical Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Anesthesiology . 2021;134(5):697-708.
  24. Lee J, Park HP, Jeong MH, Son JD, Kim HC. Efficacy of ketamine for postoperative pain following robotic thyroidectomy: A prospective randomised study. J Int Med Res . 2018;46(3):1109-1120.
  25. Sacks D, Baxter B, Campbell BCV, et al. Multisociety Consensus Quality Improvement Revised Consensus Statement for Endovascular Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Int J Stroke . 2018;13(6):612-632.
  26. Jaksch W, Lang S, Reichhalter R, Raab G, Dann K, Fitzal S. Perioperative small-dose S(+)-ketamine has no incremental beneficial effects on postoperative pain when standard-practice opioid infusions are used. Anesth Analg . 2002;94(4):981-6.
  27. Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, et al. Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms [published correction appears in Pharmacol Rev. 2018 Oct;70(4):879]. Pharmacol Rev . 2018;70(3):621-660.
  28. Wang X, Lin C, Lan L, Liu J. Perioperative intravenous esketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth . 2021;68:110071.
  29. Pfenninger EG, Durieux ME, Himmelseher S. Cognitive impairment after small-dose ketamine isomers in comparison to equianalgesic racemic ketamine in human volunteers. Anesthesiology . 2002;96(2):357-366.
  30. Arendt-Nielsen L, Nielsen J, Petersen-Felix S, Schnider TW, Zbinden AM. Effect of racemic mixture and the (S+)-isomer of ketamine on temporal and spatial summation of pain. Br J Anaesth . 1996;77(5):625-631.
  31. Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J. Use and efficacy of low-dose ketamine in the management of acute postoperative pain: a review of current techniques and outcomes. Pain . 1999;82(2):111-125.
  32. Argiriadou H, Himmelseher S, Papagiannopoulou P, et al. Improvement of pain treatment after major abdominal surgery by intravenous S+-ketamine. Anesth Analg . 2004;98(5): 1413-1418.
  33. Ziesenitz VC, Vaughns JD, Koch G, Mikus G, van den Anker JN. Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl and Its Derivatives in Children: A Comprehensive Review. Clin Pharmacokinet . 2018;57(2):125-149.
  34. Saari TI, Ihmsen H, Mell J, et al. Influence of intensive care treatment on the protein binding of sufentanil and hydromorphone during pain therapy in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Br J Anaesth . 2014;113(4):677-687.
  35. Fujii Y, Nakayama M. Efficacy of dexamethasone for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting and analgesic requirements after thyroidectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 2007;136(2):274-277.
  36. Brinck ECV, Maisniemi K, Kankare J, Tielinen L, Tarkkila P, Kontinen VK. Analgesic Effect of Intraoperative Intravenous esketamine in Opioid-Naïve Patients After Major Lumbar Fusion Surgery Is Temporary and Not Dose-Dependent: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg . 2021;132(1):69-79.
  37. Jaksch W, Lang S, Reichhalter R, Raab G, Dann K, Fitzal S. Perioperative small-dose S(+)-ketamine has no incremental beneficial effects on postoperative pain when standard-practice opioid infusions are used. Anesth Analg . 2002;94(4): 981-986.
  38. Herrero Babiloni A, De Koninck BP, Beetz G, De Beaumont L, Martel MO, Lavigne GJ. Sleep and pain: recent insights, mechanisms, and future directions in the investigation of this relationship. J Neural Transm (Vienna) . 2020;127(4):647-660.
  39. Mansano-Schlosser TC, Ceolim MF. Factors associated with poor sleep quality in women with cancer. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem . 2017;25:e2858.
  40. Ahnaou A, Huysmans H, Biermans R, Manyakov NV, Drinkenburg WHIM. Ketamine: differential neurophysiological dynamics in functional networks in the rat brain. Transl Psychiatry . 2017;7(9):e1237.
  41. Bunney BG, Li JZ, Walsh DM, et al. Circadian dysregulation of clock genes: clues to rapid treatments in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry . 2015;20(1):48-55.
  42. Berti M, Baciarello M, Troglio R, Fanelli G. Clinical uses of low-dose ketamine in patients undergoing surgery. Curr Drug Targets . 2009;10(8):707-715.
  43. Bell RF, Dahl JB, Moore RA, Kalso E. Peri-operative ketamine for acute post-operative pain: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review (Cochrane review). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand . 2005;49(10):1405-1428.
  44. Himmelseher S, Durieux ME. Ketamine for perioperative pain management. Anesthesiology . 2005;102(1):211-220.
  45. Sinner B, Graf BM. Ketamine. Handb Exp Pharmacol . 2008;(182):313-333.
  46. Spreng UJ, Dahl V, Ræder J. Effects of perioperative S (+) ketamine infusion added to multimodal analgesia in patients undergoing ambulatory haemorrhoidectomy. Scand J Pain . 2010;1(2):100-105.