Spatial turnover
Ordination analysis on species presence/absence data (NMDS) of the full chafer assemblage generally showed different patterns for the different eco-spatial components (Figure 3A, F, K, P). The largest overlap of entity clusters was observed for the macrohabitats. Overlap in forest types, elevation zones, and localities were limited to a few entities. Further, most entities were well-separated. The distances between the entity clusters were almost similar within the same spatial component. Similar patterns were also observed for separate lineages, however, differences between the single entities (e.g., elevation zones or forest types) were less pronounced with slightly larger overlaps. For Dynastinae, patterns were not well pronounced due to low sample representation (Figure 3). Species composition in localities of montane forests (L5, L11) resulted generally more similar to each other (Figure 3), while assemblages of dry lowland forest were dissimilar for single lineages. There was an overlap for the full assemblage analysis.
NMDS on Jaccard indices from species presence-absence data for the three different body size classes showed similar overall patterns: large overlap for all partitions in macrohabitats, and moderate to clear distinction for ecoclimatic zones (elevation, forest type) and localities. Small and medium-sized assemblages showed somewhat contrasting patterns for assemblages of large-bodied specimens for forest types, elevation zones and localities (Figure 4). Again, eco-spatial entities (e.g., elevation zones, or forest types) in partitioned analyses were less different than for the full assemblage data (Figure 4).
A linear regression analysis showed no significant correlation (r= -0.029, p= 0.831) between species composition similarity and geographic distance among localities (Figure 5). We also tested for this correlation for the assemblages partitioned by body size and lineages (Table S4); a significant dependence between species composition similarity and geographic distance was found only for the assemblage of small-bodied specimens (r= -0.344, p= 0.02).