a ̵́ Rogvi 2012
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: population-based
Location: Denmark
Sample size: 116,595
|
Age: 24.7 ± 2.8
Birth year: 1978 to 1981
Ethnicity: not reported
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: not reported
|
Exposure: gestational age <37 weeks (n = 1329)
Control: gestational age ≥37 weeks (n = 31,047)
|
GDM defined by ICD-8: 634.74 or ICD-10: O24.4
|
Unadjusted
|
Published data only
|
Andraweera 2019
|
Design: prospective cohort
Setting: hospital-based (multicentre)
Location: international
Sample size: 5,327
|
Age: 28.7 ± 5.4
Birth year: not reported
Ethnicity: non-Hispanic White, Asian, Polynesian, Indian, others
Smoking: 566 (10.1)
Primiparous: 5327 (100)
|
Exposure: birth weight of <2500g (n = not reported)
Control: birth weight of ≥2500g (n = not reported)
|
GDM defined by fasting glucose ≥ 5.1 mmol/L or a 2-hour level of ≥ 8.5
mmol/L following an oral glucose tolerance test, according to the new
WHO classification
|
Maternal age, smoking at 15 weeks’ gestation, ethnicity, socioeconomic
status, family history of diabetes, maternal gestational age at birth,
infant sex, and recruitment centre.
|
Unpublished and published data
|
Bo 2003
|
Design: case control
Setting: hospital-based (single centre)
Location: Italy
Sample size: 300
|
Age: not reported
Birth year: not reported
Ethnicity: not reported
Smoking: 100 (33.3)
Primiparous: not reported
|
Birth weight as a continuous variable
|
GDM defined by fasting glucose ≥ 95 mg/dl, a 2-hour level of ≥ 155
mg/dl, or a 3-hour level of ≥ 140 mg/dl.
Impaired glucose tolerance defined that only one glucose value was
higher than above cut-off levels.
|
Maternal diabetes
|
Published data only
|
Boivin 2012
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: population-based
Location: Canada
Sample size: 24,119
|
Age: Preterm, 23.1 ± 3.7; Term 23.4 ± 3.8
Birth year: 1976 to 1995
Ethnicity: not reported
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: 12,130 (50.3)
|
Exposure: gestational age of 32 to 36 weeks (n = 6851)
Control: gestational age of 37 to 42 weeks (n = 16,714)
|
GDM defined by ICD-9 before April 1, 2006, and the ICD-10 after April 1,
2006.
|
Mother’s birth characteristics (SGA, large for gestational age, multiple
births, and year of birth), chronic hypertension, diabetes, kidney
disease, age ≥ 25 years and multiple-birth pregnancy.
|
Unpublished and published data
|
Chawla 2014
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: population-based
Location: US
Sample size: 130,617
|
Age: mainly 25 to 35
Birth year: 1956 to 1976
Ethnicity: non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, and African
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: 60,958 (46.7)
|
Exposure: SGA (n = 13,934)
Control: AGA (n = 116,658)
|
Diabetes during pregnancy defined as pre-existing DM (including
monogenic, Type 1 and Type 2) and gestational DM.
|
Maternal age, education, parity, plurality, marital status, and
race/ethnicity
|
Published data only
|
Crusell 2017 |
Design: case
control
Setting: hospital-based (single
centre)
Location: Denmark
Sample size: 1,322
|
Age: mainly 26 to 28
Birth year: 1939
to 1970
Ethnicity: not reported
Smoking: not
reported
Primiparous: not reported
|
Birth weight as a
continuous variable |
GDM based on local criteria and changed during the
period: until 1987 a 3 h 50 g OGTT, and after 1987 a 3 h 75 g OGTT. GDM
was diagnosed when two or more out of seven measurements exceeded the
mean +3 standard deviations on a curve based on non-pregnant
normal-weight women without a family history of diabetes |
Unadjusted |
Published data only |
Egeland 2000
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: population-based
Location: Norway
Sample size: 138,714
|
Age: 14 to 31
Birth year: 1967 to 1984
Ethnicity: not reported
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: not reported
|
Exposure: birth weight of <2500g (n = 4,652)
Control: birth weight of 4000 to 4500g (n = 14,852)
|
Self-reported GDM in one or more pregnancies
|
Women’s age and parity and their mother’s diabetic status.
|
Published data only
|
Innes 2003
|
Design: case control
Setting: population-based
Location: USA
Sample size: 23,395
|
Age: mainly 17 to 24
Birth year: 1970 or later
Ethnicity: White, non-Hispanic, Hispanic, other non-White
Smoking: 4,258 (18.2)
Primiparous: 23,395 (100)
|
Exposure: birth weight of 2000 to 2499 g (n = 1325)
Control: birthweight of 3500g to 3999 g (n = 5639)
|
GDM defined by ICD-9 code 648.0 or abnormal glucose tolerance defined by
ICD-9 code 648.8 on their hospital discharge records.
|
Age, race, education, employment status, pre-pregnancy body mass index,
height, pregnancy weight gain, and gestational age,
|
Published data only
|
Legarros 2012
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: population-based
Location: Sweden
Sample size: 323,083
|
Age: mainly 20 to 29
Birth year: 1973 or later
Ethnicity: not reported
Smoking: 43,397 (13.4)
Primiparous: 196,859 (60.9)
|
Exposure: SGA defined as more than 2 SD below the mean
birth-weight-for-gestational-age (n = 12,083)
Control: Birth weight 1 SD below the mean to 1 SD above the mean (n =
214,905)
|
GDM defined by the ICD-9 code 648W and the ICD-10 code O244, those
diagnosis were mainly based on a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test with a
fasting capillary whole blood glucose level C 6.1 mmol/L (plasma C 7.0
mmol/L) and/or a 2 h blood glucose C 9.0 mmol/L (plasma glucose C 10.0
mmol/L)
|
Body mass index height, maternal age, education, parity, smoking, and
year of pregnancy
|
Published data only
|
Moses 1999 |
Design: case
control
Setting: hospital-based (single
centre)
Location: Australia
Sample size: 138
|
Age: case, 26 (5.8); control, 26
(5.6)
Birth year: not reported
Ethnicity: not
reported
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous:
not reported
|
Birth weight as a continuous variable |
GDM defined by
fasting glucose is ≥5.5 mmol/l and/or the 2-h glucose level is ≥8.0
mmol/l, according to the criteria of the Australasian Diabetes in
Pregnancy Society. |
Unadjusted |
Published data only |
Ogonowski 2014
|
Design: case control
Setting: hospital-based (multicentre)
Location: Poland
Sample size: 1,588
|
Age: 29.7 (0.6)
Birth year: not reported
Ethnicity: Caucasian
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: 902 (56.8)
|
Exposure: birth weight of < 2500g (n = not reported)
Control: birth weight of 3500 to 3999g (n = not reported)
|
GDM defined by either the fasting glucose was 7.0 mmol/L or the 2-h
glucose concentration was 7.8 mmol/L, which was in accordance with the
WHO diagnostic criteria
|
Age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, and prior gestational
diabetes.
|
Published data only
|
Olah 1996
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: hospital-based (single centre)
Location: UK
Sample size: 592
|
Age: 27 (range 19 to 42)
Birth year: not reported
Ethnicity: predominantly Caucasian
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: not reported
|
Exposure: birth weight of <2500g (n = 57)
Control: birth weight of ≥ 2500g (n = 452)
|
Impaired glucose tolerance, defined as a 2-hour plasma glucose
concentration of 7.8-1 1.0 mmol/L, or gestational diabetes, defined as a
2-hour plasma glucose concentration of 11.1 mmol/L or more.
|
Unadjusted
|
Published data only
|
Pettit 1998
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: not reported
Location: US
Sample size: 831
|
Age: not reported
Birth year: not reported
Ethnicity: Pima Indians
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: not reported
|
Exposure: birth weight of <2500g (n = 29)
Control: birth weight of ≥2500g (n = 802)
|
Diabetes during pregnancy diagnosed by the WHO criteria, i.e., a
glucoses concentration of ≥ 11.1 mmol/L 2 h after the ingestion of a
75-g glucose load
|
Unadjusted
|
Published data only
|
Plante 1999
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: population-based
Location: US
Sample size: 6,767
|
Age: 19 to 22
Birth year: 1974
Ethnicity: non-Hispanic White, African
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: not reported
|
Exposure: SGA defined as a birth weight less than the tenth percentile
for gestational age, race-specific for either black or white (n = 596)
Control: not SGA (n = 5,954)
|
Diabetes on the birth certificate records. The coding was performed by
the physician or other individual filling out the birth record and
consisted of a checkbox in the field described as “medical
complications of pregnancy.”
|
Unadjusted
|
Published data only
|
Plante 2004
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: population-based
Location: US
Sample size: 7,802
|
Age: 24 to 26
Birth year: 1974
Ethnicity: non-Hispanic White, African
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: not reported
|
Exposure: SGA as defined in the Plante 1999 study (n = 537)
Control: AGA as defined in the Plante 1999 study (n = 7,265)
|
Diabetes on the birth certificate. Specific information as to criteria
for diagnosis was not available
|
Unadjusted
|
Published data only
|
Savona-Ventura 2003
|
Design: case control
Setting: hospital-based (single centre)
Location: Malta
Sample size: 7,075
|
Age: not reported
Birth year: 1952 to 1983
Ethnicity: not reported
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: not reported
|
Exposure: birth weight of <2500g (n = 419)
Control: birth weight of ≥2500g (n = 6,656)
|
GDM defined by a serum glucose concentration >8.6 mmol/l 2
hours after the OGTT.
|
Unadjusted
|
Published data only
|
Seghieri 2002
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: hospital-based (single centre)
Location: Italy
Sample size: 604
|
Age: LBW: 31.7 (4.2))
Birth year: not reported
Ethnicity: not reported
Smoking: not reported
Primiparous: not reported
|
Exposure: birth weight of <2500g (n = 68)
Control: birth weight of ≥2500g (n = 536)
|
GDM defined by the American Diabetes Association
|
Age, parity, family history of diabetes, and pre-pregnancy BMI,
|
Published data only
|
Williams 1999
|
Design: retrospective cohort
Setting: population-based
Location: US
Sample size:41,839 births (38,513 mothers)
|
Age: mainly 19 to 29
Birth year: 1949 to 1979
Ethnicity: non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, African, native American
Smoking: 10,429 (24.9)
Primiparous: 32,488 (77.7)
|
Exposure: birth weight of <2500g (n = 2,708 births)
Control: birth weight of ≤2500g (n = 39,131 births)
|
GDM recorded on the birth certificate and/or given an ICD-9
diagnosis
|
Unadjusted
|
Published data only
|
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or number (percentage).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, ICD, International Classification of
Diseases; WHO, World Health Organization; SGA, small for gestational
age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; SD, standard deviation; OGTT,
oral glucose tolerance test
|
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or number (percentage).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, ICD, International Classification of
Diseases; WHO, World Health Organization; SGA, small for gestational
age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; SD, standard deviation; OGTT,
oral glucose tolerance test
|
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or number (percentage).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, ICD, International Classification of
Diseases; WHO, World Health Organization; SGA, small for gestational
age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; SD, standard deviation; OGTT,
oral glucose tolerance test
|
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or number (percentage).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, ICD, International Classification of
Diseases; WHO, World Health Organization; SGA, small for gestational
age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; SD, standard deviation; OGTT,
oral glucose tolerance test
|
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or number (percentage).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, ICD, International Classification of
Diseases; WHO, World Health Organization; SGA, small for gestational
age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; SD, standard deviation; OGTT,
oral glucose tolerance test
|
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or number (percentage).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, ICD, International Classification of
Diseases; WHO, World Health Organization; SGA, small for gestational
age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; SD, standard deviation; OGTT,
oral glucose tolerance test
|
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or number (percentage).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, ICD, International Classification of
Diseases; WHO, World Health Organization; SGA, small for gestational
age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; SD, standard deviation; OGTT,
oral glucose tolerance test
|