Figure legends
FIGURE 1 Plant key traits (plant height, leaf size, seed mass, fruit width, blade length and stem height) of (a) palms, (b) other monocots, (c) dicots, and (d) gymnosperms mapped onto a plant phylogeny. Bars at the phylogenetic tree indicate seed mass or fruit width (olivine), leaf size or maximum blade length (green) and maximum plant or stem height (dark brown).
FIGURE 2 Phylogenetic signal test of key traits of palms (a: fruit width; b: blade length; c: stem height), other monocots (d: seed mass; e: leaf size; f: plant height), dicots (g: seed mass; h: leaf area; i: plant height), and gymnosperms (j: seed mass; k: leaf area; l: plant height).
FIGURE 3 Significant correlation of seed mass (or fruit width) with leaf size (or blade length) and plant height (or stem height) across palms (a and b), other monocots (c and d), dicots (e and f), and gymnosperms (g and h). Significant effect was detected based on phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models (PGLMM, see Table 2).
FIGURE 4 The location of palms, other monocots, dicots, and gymnosperms in a multivariate trait space illustrated by the first two axes of a principal component analysis (PCA) based on trait information on seed mass (fruit width), leaf size (blade length), and plant height (stem height). All data were log-transformed. Nonparametric multivariate analysis of variance (per-MANOVA) shows significant overall shifts in community structure (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.154, permutations = 999). PC1 and PC2 together account for 87.3% of the variability in the data.
FIGURE 5 The relative contribution of different factors to the variation in seed mass (fruit width) of (a) palms, (b) other monocots, (c) dicots, and (d) gymnosperms using partial R2 for the logistic regression model.
FIGURE S1 Correlation of fruit width with seed width (a) and fruit volume (b) of palms. Log transformation was performed on the data.