2.2 Study population
A total of 106 patients were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1. Patients who were admitted to the Cardiology Department; 2. Patients who aged 30-90 years old. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1. Patients who used dTRA or TRA; 2. Patients with upper extremity arteriovenous fistulas; 3. Patients who underwent hand and upper extremity surgery; 4.Patients with a history of wrist fractures.