References
- Roden DM (2004) Drug-Induced Prolongation of the QT Interval. N Engl J
Med350: 1013-1022.
- Passman R, Kadish A (2001) Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Long
QT syndrome, and torsades de pointes. Med Clin North Am 8: 32.
- Yap YG, Camm AJ (2003) Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de
pointes. Heart 89: 1363.
- Frothingham R. Rates of torsades de pointes associated with
ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and
moxifloxacin. Pharmacotherapy, 2001; 21: 1468–1472.
- Noel GJ, Natarajan J, Chien S, Hunt TL, Goodman DB, Abels R. Effects
of three fluoroquinolones on QT interval in healthy adults after
single doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2003; 73: 292–303.
- Tsikouris JP, Peeters MJ, Cox CD, Meyerrose GE, Seifert CF. Effects of
three fluoroquinolones on QT analysis after standard treatment
courses. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol, 2006; 11: 52–56.
- Makaryus AN, Byrns K, Makaryus MN, Natarajan U, Singer C, Goldner B.
Effect of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin on the QT interval: Is this a
significant “clinical” event? South Med J, 2006; 99: 52–56.
- Anderson ME, Mazur A, Yang T, et al. Potassium current antagonist
properties and proarrhythmic consequences of quinolone antibiotics. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;296:806–10.
- Liu X, Ma J, Haung J, et al. Fluoroquinolones increase the risk of
serious arrhythmias. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine,
96:44.
- Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Rosmarakis ES. Arrhythmias associated with
fluoroquinolone therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2007; 29:374–379.
- Prabhakar M, Krahn AD. Ciprofloxacin-induced acquired long QT
syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1(5):624-626.
doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2004.06.020.
- Keivanidou A, Arnaoutoglou C, Krommydas A, et al. Ciprofloxacin
induced acquired long QT syndrome in a patient under class III
antiarrhythmic therapy. Cardiol J. 2009;16(2):172-174.
- Flanagan MC, Mitchell ES, Haigney MC. Ciprofloxacin-induced torsade de
pointes. Int J Cardiol. 2006; 113(2):239-241.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.08.048.
- Nair MK, Patel K, Starer PJ. Ciprofloxacin-induced torsades de pointes
in a methadone-dependent patient. Addiction. 2008;103(12):2062-2064.
doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02390.x
- Ibrahim M, Omar B. Ciprofloxacin-induced torsade de pointes. Am J
Emerg Med. 2012; 30(1):252.e5-252.e2.52E9.
doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.09.039
- Drew BJ, Ackerman MJ, Funk M, et al. Prevention of torsade de pointes
in hospital settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart
Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. J Am
Coll Cardiol. 2010; 55(9):934-947. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.001
- Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS
guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and
the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Executive summary: A Report of
the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task
Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society
[published correction appears in Heart Rhythm. 2018 Sep 26;:].
Heart Rhythm. 2018; 15(10):e190-e252. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.03.