The relationship between the provider and the Prosumers is vital in the
smart grid infrastructure because it affects the productivity and use of
electricity generation and the right balance between supply and demand.
It will also be considered sufficiently coordinated to ensure the
willingness of all parties to work cooperatively so that energy exchange
is applicable for the long term [68]. In [69], the authors show
that prosumers have gained significant interest due to their ability to
perform in the energy market as a supplier and customer. The authors in
[70] reported that energy market infrastructure allows customers to
become participating suppliers and forge close links with other
companies within the market. Consequently, the energy market
infrastructure aims to encourage prosumers to achieve and enhance
flexibility, enhanced competitiveness in the energy industry, advanced
systems and equipment regulation, economic benefits, economic rewards,
low energy costs, and transparency [71]. The authors in [72]
mentioned that prosumer engagement improves customer preferences and
enhances the benefit-seeking goals that lead to a successful SG
operation. Indeed, the prosumer’s objectives have been defined based on
accessibility and legislation of emerging technologies, sustainability
benefits, financial gain, statistics, and energy consumption. To raise
public awareness of the smart grid’s benefits and manage the trust
needed to improve consumer participation stakeholders, energy demand can
be ordered through efficient communication strategies [73]. The
authors in [74] suggested that the prosumer engagement enhances
customer priorities and facilitates market goals for facilities that
lead to effective smart grid activity. It stimulates the user to approve
and involve emerging technologies by introducing advanced innovations,
environmental benefits, financial opportunities, fee statistics, energy
use, security, and other data. In [75], the authors recommended
considering social, economic and technological aspects when analyzing
smart grids.
2.4 Energy Domain Prosumer Classifications
In a smart city, the energy sector plays a similar task to energy
engineers. Energy prosumer has been identified as an attractive research
issue because of its importance to solve energy consumption
systematically. Indeed, energy prosumers include assembly lines,
renewable energy plants, and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) for
electricity consumption [84]. The authors have shown in [85]
that prosumers include several renewable sources such as biomass, solar
and wind power to produce and use electricity. During the peak period,
prosumers use energy from external sources (Grid). In contrast, excess
electricity can be supplied by self-production of coal or in local oil
markets. The authors in [86] mentioned that each energy Prosumer is
defined as Prosumer Production-Oriented (ProPO) or Prosumer
Consumer-Oriented (ProCO). Some resource types are noted as listed in
Smart City (see Table 3) [87]:
- Energy Generation Company (EGC): Commercial energy generators
generally collect electricity from existing energy generators and
market them to local energy consumption entities. The power company
buys energy from separate power plants.
- Home Energy Storage System (HESS): Energy storage devices for
households that own and use reusable energy on demand obtained from
small renewable energy plants such as solar or wind power plants.
- Building Energy Storage System (BESS): is designed for energy saving
storage and utilization (renewable energy Plants).
- Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS): Infrastructure requires
power sources, batteries, and computer networks for charging. The
electric vehicle’s charging station collects energy from the power
source and sells it to the car, storing the point in the car via the
battery. It also acts as an intermediary in selling electricity
between electric vehicles, homes, networks, etc.
- Green Electric Vehicle (GEV): EV is only used to include green
vehicles with a battery and an electric motor inside the car and
capable of transforming velocity into electricity and maintaining it
in the artillery during service. The electric vehicle markets power
through the charging point.
- Prosumer Smart Home (PSH) without ESS: PSH is provided only with the
device or related components that can control the power required and
consumed by the network without installing and considering ESS.
- Prosumer Smart Buildings (PSB) without Building Storage System (BSS):
PSB is limited to similar systems or devices that can manage power
supplies from the power grid.
- Solar Energy Company (SEC): Energy companies produce a large
proportion of renewable energy. Residential solar companies have a
capacity of more than 1 MW. The power supply is calculated by the
Prices of Electricity Sold (PES) for typical and electrical
generators.
- Wind Power Generation Company (WPGC): Wind farms provide wind energy.
Domestic wind turbine production is about 1031 MW. The energy supplied
is calculated by the prices of electricity sold (PES) for typical and
electrical generators.
- BSS with Large Capacity (BSSLC): stores and uses renewable energy to
increase economic productivity. According to some statistics, many
companies have installed storage solutions with a capacity of more
than 1 MW installed, with an agreement strength of about 20 MW each
year [88].
Table 3. Energy prosumer classifications