The relationship between the provider and the Prosumers is vital in the smart grid infrastructure because it affects the productivity and use of electricity generation and the right balance between supply and demand. It will also be considered sufficiently coordinated to ensure the willingness of all parties to work cooperatively so that energy exchange is applicable for the long term [68]. In [69], the authors show that prosumers have gained significant interest due to their ability to perform in the energy market as a supplier and customer. The authors in [70] reported that energy market infrastructure allows customers to become participating suppliers and forge close links with other companies within the market. Consequently, the energy market infrastructure aims to encourage prosumers to achieve and enhance flexibility, enhanced competitiveness in the energy industry, advanced systems and equipment regulation, economic benefits, economic rewards, low energy costs, and transparency [71]. The authors in [72] mentioned that prosumer engagement improves customer preferences and enhances the benefit-seeking goals that lead to a successful SG operation. Indeed, the prosumer’s objectives have been defined based on accessibility and legislation of emerging technologies, sustainability benefits, financial gain, statistics, and energy consumption. To raise public awareness of the smart grid’s benefits and manage the trust needed to improve consumer participation stakeholders, energy demand can be ordered through efficient communication strategies [73]. The authors in [74] suggested that the prosumer engagement enhances customer priorities and facilitates market goals for facilities that lead to effective smart grid activity. It stimulates the user to approve and involve emerging technologies by introducing advanced innovations, environmental benefits, financial opportunities, fee statistics, energy use, security, and other data. In [75], the authors recommended considering social, economic and technological aspects when analyzing smart grids.
2.4 Energy Domain Prosumer Classifications
In a smart city, the energy sector plays a similar task to energy engineers. Energy prosumer has been identified as an attractive research issue because of its importance to solve energy consumption systematically. Indeed, energy prosumers include assembly lines, renewable energy plants, and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) for electricity consumption [84]. The authors have shown in [85] that prosumers include several renewable sources such as biomass, solar and wind power to produce and use electricity. During the peak period, prosumers use energy from external sources (Grid). In contrast, excess electricity can be supplied by self-production of coal or in local oil markets. The authors in [86] mentioned that each energy Prosumer is defined as Prosumer Production-Oriented (ProPO) or Prosumer Consumer-Oriented (ProCO). Some resource types are noted as listed in Smart City (see Table 3) [87]:
Table 3. Energy prosumer classifications