3: Non-Use, 2: Low-Use, 1: Average-Use, 0: High-Use
2.3 SG and Energy Prosumer
The energy consumption concept in the energy sector seems to be well
known. If it is well developed in many markets, the competitive
advantage of becoming a customer becomes clearer. Competitive systems,
such as photovoltaic power plants, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant
and trade winds, have been chosen as attractive sources for supplying
consumers [56]. SG can considerably enhance energy consumption,
energy management, distribution and productivity improvement and
incorporate a growing amount of renewable sources. Certain energy
policies aim to make renewable energy more cost-effective, but the
obstacle is how you can evaluate the costs of incorporating renewables
in an energy system. Two methods of cost-assessment, the Levelized
Energy Cost (LCOE) and Energy System Analyzes (ESA), are used for energy
consumption evaluation [57]. Also, the SG system includes several
components for the continuous distribution of energy. This includes
smart technology, digital networks, two-way communication, integrated
management methods, requirements and regulations, and efficient consumer
integration. Some of the first systematic studies were in conjunction
with SGs based on comparison consumers [58]. The authors in [59]
reported that Prosumers has an average MW/h in a given account through
solar energy consumption with an increase in energy prices.
Alternatively, power outages can also be resolved from time to time by
adopting a power supply storage solution. In [60], the authors
suggested that prospective activities convert conventional energy
systems into smart energy systems by incorporating Edge technology.
Where investigative regulations have been discussed around five
different ways of the role of the Prosumer in the smart grid. The
prosumer roles include the Market Participation Strategy (MPS),
Strategic Analysis; Competitive Advantage; Economic evaluation and
benefits; Business research. Also, the Prosumer is a potential solution
to achieving trade in renewable energy [61]. In [62], the
authors have shown that energy providers have several objectives with
the integration of Prosumer features: providing electricity demand for
consumers, integrating IT, and reducing prices. According to energy
distribution and management, Community Prosumer Groups (CPGs) have been
compared to the consumer community. Potential Prosumers were interested
in improving energy efficiency by controlling energy production, hours
of use and storage capacity [63]. A detailed overview of the
analysis publications allowed us to identify the prosumer smart grid
classes (see Figure 1). Several other experts have spoken separately
about these problems: early competitors, network smart market
strategies, and Prosumer creativity. Indeed, the Prosumer concept has
been overcome through numerous studies [64]. One such research
suggested an improvement in Prosumer alliances created to improve their
energy product offerings while reducing the likelihood of an economic
loss at the same time when performance drops below the contractual level
[65]. In simulating practical Prosumer behavior, basic environmental
details were used for a specific area. The algorithm makes alliances
with high efficiency and low volatility in energy production depending
on the spatial correlation structure [66]. The results indicate that
the alliances that were created provide the network with less capacity,
less storage. Blockchain and Big Data are chosen as attractive emerging
technologies for SGs. In [67], the authors discussed the blockchain
flexibility approach in SGs. The proposed approach focuses on blockchain
and smart contracts as an intermediary between energy suppliers and
electrical customers to reduce costs, increase transaction speed, and
improve user information protection. Big data has been collected as an
attractive solution to manage large amounts of information collected
with study groups.
Figure 2 shows ProSG’s various classes: the Prosumer Engagement Class
(PEC) and the Prosumer Management Class (PMC). At PMC, many topics are
presented in the literature, such as market design, roles, goals,
alliances, motivations and management. Whereas, at PEC, we distinguish
that other topics are presented, such as economic, technological,
social, relationships, evolution, and engagement.
Figure 2: Prosumer-Smart grid classes
Most researchers have focused on Prosumer management and energy exchange
strategies, partnerships, expectations, and incentive programs. They
highlighted the need for new innovative approaches to address these
challenges more efficiently (Table 2). Prosumer management consists of
the following aspects:
- Communication/negotiation: for approval and common consensus among
beneficiaries.
- A normative/ethical: to maintain responsibility for energy share
distributions.
- Assessment of prosperity: for influencers and influential actors who
do not meet expectations
Table 2. Prosumer smart grid (ProSG) agent goals