Helical Anatomy of the Ventricular Myocardium.
The longitudinal and continuous nature of the myocardium divides it into
two loops forming the base (basal loop) [BL] and the apex of the
heart (apical loop) [AL]. Both loops are separated by a 180° central
fold, (Figure 1) determining macroscopically
identifiable helical directions (spirals within spirals), recalling the
principle of self-similarity and fractal dimension described by Benoit
Mandelbrot5