Cardiac Mechanics and Helical Structure.
The sequential and continuous contraction of the different muscle
segments and, thanks to the global three-dimensional orientation as a
non-orientable triple torsion geometric surface, explain the mechanical
phenomena that occur during the cardiac cycle, as we will review below.
Therefore, the traditional concept of electromechanical apex-base
activation18 contradicts what has been shown by
experimental studies17,19,20 as well as data from
echocardiography strain and strain rate quantify an initial movement of
the base before shortening ventricular21,22 MRI
analyses also support the evidence of contradirectional base-apex
rotations in the different phases of the cardiac
cycle23, 24.