Helical Anatomy of the Ventricular Myocardium.
The longitudinal and continuous nature of the myocardium divides it into two loops forming the base (basal loop) [BL] and the apex of the heart (apical loop) [AL]. Both loops are separated by a 180° central fold, (Figure 1) determining macroscopically identifiable helical directions (spirals within spirals), recalling the principle of self-similarity and fractal dimension described by Benoit Mandelbrot5