\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[greek,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Impacts of hydrodynamic conditions and surface roughness on the critical
conditions and thickness of early-stage biofilm development}



\author[1]{Guanju Wei}%
\author[1]{Judy Q. Yang}%
\affil[1]{Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55414 USA}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 07, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Biofilms can increase pathogenic contamination of drinking water, cause
biofilm-related diseases, alter the sediment erosion rate, and degrade
contaminants in wastewater. Compared with mature biofilms, biofilms in
the early-stage have been shown to be more susceptible to antimicrobials
and easier to remove. Mechanistic understanding of physical factors
controlling early-stage biofilm growth is critical to predict and
control biofilm development, yet such understanding is currently
incomplete. Here, we revealed the impacts of hydrodynamic conditions and
surface roughness on the development of early-stage \emph{Pseudomonas
putida} biofilm through a combination of microfluidic experiments,
numerical simulations, and fluid mechanics theories. We demonstrated
that early-stage biofilm growth is suppressed under high flow conditions
and that the critical local velocity for early-stage \emph{P. putida}
biofilms to develop is about 50 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}m/s. We further illustrated that
micron-scale surface roughness promotes the growth of early-stage
biofilm by increasing the area of the low-flow region. Furthermore, we
showed that the critical average shear stress, above which early-stage
biofilms cease to form, is 0.9 Pa for rough surfaces and 0.3 Pa for flat
or smooth surfaces. The important control of flow conditions and surface
roughness on early-stage biofilm development, characterized in this
study, will facilitate future predictions and control of biofilm
development on the surfaces of drinking water pipelines, blood vessels,
and sediments.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Main Manuscript_Guanju Wei_Judy Yang_B&amp;amp;B_2.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/506343/articles/585101-impacts-of-hydrodynamic-conditions-and-surface-roughness-on-the-critical-conditions-and-thickness-of-early-stage-biofilm-development}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

