MicroRNA-15a |
Downregulation (pilocarpine, Mg2+ -free
medium) |
MicroRNA-15a targets GFAP to inhibit inflammation and
apoptosis of hippocampal neurons by downregulating GFAP in
pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model and Mg2+-free
medium treated TLE cell model. Propofol regulates
microRNA-15a-5p/GluN2B/ERK1/2 pathway to suppress apoptosis hippocampal
neuronal apoptosis in Mg2+ -free medium treated
epilepsy cell model. |
(Fan et al., 2020; Liu et al.,
2020) |
MicroRNA-20a-5p
|
Upregulation
(PTZ)
|
MicroRNA-20a-5p is involved in synaptic plasticity and silencing
microRNA-20a-5p inhibits neuronal branching and axonal growth and
prevents epileptogenesis by regulating RGMa-RhoA-mediated synaptic
plasticity in the PTZ-induced
epilepsy model.
|
(Feng et al., 2020)
|
MicroRNA-21-5p |
Upregulation (electrical kindling, KA, pilocarpine) |
MicroRNA-21-5p reduces IL-6 levels, loss of hippocampal neurons and
apoptosis by inhibiting STAT3 expression, which suggesting protective
effects of microRNA-21-5p in hippocampal neurons of epileptic rats. In
KA-induced SE models, targeting of microRNA-21-5p also protects against
seizure-induced injury by PTEN-mTOR. |
(Tang et al., 2018; Zhang et al.,
2020) |
MicroRNA-22 |
Downregulation (KA,
pilocarpine) |
MicroRNA-22 inhibit neuroinflammatory signaling to protect against the
development of epileptogenic brain networks. MicroRNA-22 prevents
inflammation and development of epileptogenic focus by targeting P2X7R
in the brain and microRNA-22 regulates aberrant neurogenesis and changes
in neuronal morphology after SE in KA-induced epilepsy mice model. |
(Jimenez-Mateos et al., 2015; Beamer et al., 2018; Almeida Silva et al.,
2020) |
MicroRNA-23a |
Upregulation (KA, pilocarpine) |
MicroRNA-23a is involved
in hippocampal neuron injury, hippocampal oxidative damage and
impairment of spatial memory in KA-induced TLE mice. MicroRNA-23a can
also regulate ADAM10, which contributes to epileptogenesis in
pilocarpine-induced SE mice. |
(Zhu et al., 2019a; Zhu et al.,
2019b) |
MicroRNA-25-3p |
Downregulation (KA, Mg2+ -free
medium) |
MicroRNA-25-3p targets OXSR1 to suppress oxidative stress and
apoptosis of neurons, thereby suppressing epileptiform discharges in
KA-induced epilepsy mice model and Mg2+ -free medium
treated epilepsy cell model. |
(Li et al., 2020) |
MicroRNA-27a-3p |
Upregulation (KA) |
MicroRNA-27a-3p regulates ion
channel-related DEGs in multiple mTLE and downregulation of
microRNA-27a-3p inhibits apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and
inflammatory response by upregulating MAP2K4 in KA-induced epilepsy
models. |
(Lu et al., 2019; Su et al., 2022b) |
MicroRNA-29a |
Downregulation (Mg2+-free medium) |
MicroRNA-29a regulates seizure-induced cell death and inflammation in
Mg2+-free medium treated epilepsy cell model. |
(Wu et
al., 2021) |
MicroRNA-34 |
Downregulation (KA, PTZ, Mg2+-free
medium, epilepsy patients, TSC) |
Activated microRNA-34a may lead to
impaired corticogenesis in TSC during early brain development and
inhibition of microRNA-34a can regulate apoptosis and Notch signaling to
inhibit epileptiform discharges in Mg2+-free medium
treated epilepsy cell model. MicroRNA-34c plays a negative role in
seizure and cognitive function by regulating NMDARs and AMPARs in
PTZ-induced epilepsy rat model. Decreased microRNA-34c-5p enhances
neuroinflammation to increase loss of hippocampal neuron in DRE from
KA-induced epilepsy mice model and in children with DRE. |
(Huang et
al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019a; Fu et al., 2020; Korotkov et al.,
2021) |
MicroRNA-101a-3p |
Downregulation (pilocarpine, Mg2+
-free medium) |
MicroRNA-101a-3p inhibits apoptosis and autophagy by
downregulating c-FOS in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model and
Mg2+-free medium treated TLE cell model. |
(Geng et
al., 2021) |
MicroRNA-103a |
Upregulation
(pilocarpine) |
Inhibition of microRNA-103a regulates BDNF to improve neuron injury
and inhibit activated astrocytes in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat
model. |
(Zheng et al., 2019) |
MicroRNA-124 |
Downregulation (pilocarpine, PTZ) |
MicroRNA-124 inhibits
some target genes to prevent upregulation of hippocampal NRSF, which
participates in epilepsy and promotes the activation of hippocampal
microglia and inflammatory cytokines. MicroRNA-124 suppresses seizure,
regulates CREB1 activity, and inhibits neuronal firing with decreased
expression of NMDAR in pilocarpine and PTZ-induced epilepsy rat model. |
(McClelland et al., 2014; Brennan et al., 2016; Wang et al.,
2016c) |
MicroRNA-125a-5p |
Downregulation
(PTZ) |
MicroRNA-125a-5p targets CaMK4 to alleviate dysfunction and
inflammation in PTZ-induced epilepsy rat model. |
(Liu et al.,
2019b) |
MicroRNA-128 |
Downregulation
(epilepsy patients, glioma-associated epilepsy) / Upregulation (KA,
pilocarpine) |
microRNA-128 is upregulated in KA-induced epilepsy rat
model and promotes apoptosis by the SIRT1 cascade in PC12 cells.
MicroRNA-128 can inhibit the expression of various ion channels and the
signaling of ERK2 network that regulate neuronal excitability.
MicroRNA-128 also inhibits SNAP-25 and SYT1 expression to regulate
epilepsy sensitivity in KA-induced epilepsy mice model. |
(Tan et al.,
2013; Alsharafi and Xiao, 2015; Chen et al., 2019; Wang et al.,
2021b). |
MicroRNA-129 |
Downregulation (KA, epilepsy patients) |
Inhibition of
microRNA-129-2-3p regulates GABRA1 to protect against refractory TLE in
KA-treated primary hippocampal neurons and KA-induced epilepsy rat
model. MicroRNA-129-5p also targets HMGB1 to inhibit the development of
autoimmune encephalomyelitis-related epilepsy by TLR4/NF-kB pathway. |
(Liu et al., 2017a; Wang et al., 2021a) |
MicroRNA-132 |
Upregulation
(KA,
Mg2+-free
medium) |
Depletion of microRNA-132 can reduce seizure-induced neuronal
death in KA-induced epilepsy mice models and microRNA-132 can suppress
BDNF/TrkB signaling to aggravate epileptiform discharges in the
Mg2+-free treated hippocampal neuronal model of
SE. MicroRNA-132 also reduces the
expression of pro-epileptogenic factors (COX-2, IL-1β, TGF-β2, CCL2 and
MMP3) in human cultured astrocytes of TLE. |
(Jimenez-Mateos et al.,
2011; Xiang et al., 2015; Korotkov et al., 2020) |
MicroRNA-134 |
Upregulation (KA, pilocarpine,
Mg2+-free medium, epilepsy patients) |
Inhibition of
microRNA-134 can effectively reduce the occurrence of spontaneous
recurrent seizures and silencing microRNA-134 can produce
neuroprotective, reducing the severity of seizures in KA-induced
epilepsy mice model. MicroRNA-134 inhibits the expression of CREB and
p-CREB to regulate synaptic plasticity in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy
rat model. |
(Jimenez-Mateos et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2015; Morris et
al., 2019) |
MicroRNA-135a |
Upregulation (KA, epilepsy patients) |
Antagonizing
microRNA-135a can reduce spontaneous recurrent seizures to affect
synaptic function and plasticity by targeting Mef2a in KA-induced
epilepsy mice model. Inhibition of microRNA-135a protects glial cells
against apoptosis by regulating SIRT1-related signaling pathway in
KA-induced BV2 microglia epilepsy model. |
(Vangoor et al., 2019; Wang
et al., 2021c) |
MicroRNA-136 |
Downregulation (pilocarpine) |
MicroRNA-136 inhibits
WNT/-Catenin signaling pathway to play a neuroprotective effect on
pilocarpine-induced TLE rats. |
(Cui and Zhang, 2022) |
MicroRNA-137 |
Downregulation (PTZ, pilocarpine,
Mg2+-free medium) |
Overexpression of microRNA-137
inhibits seizure activity in two different epilepsy mouse models (PTZ
and pilocarpine) and suppresses neuronal excitability in
Mg2+-free-induced brain slice model of epileptiform
activity. |
(Wang et al., 2018b) |
MicroRNA-139-5P
|
Downregulation (pilocarpine, electrical
kindling, epilepsy patients)
|
MicroRNA-139-5p negatively regulates GluN2A-NMDAR in pilocarpine-induced
epilepsy rat model and TLE patients and upregulated microRNA-139-5p also
regulates the Notch pathway to reduce spontaneous recurrent epileptiform
discharge-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in rat primary
hippocampal neurons.
|
(Alsharafi et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2021)
|
MicroRNA-141 |
Upregulation (KA) |
Inhibition of microRNA-141 can
inhibit P53 to protect against apoptosis by SIRT1 expression in
KA-induced epilepsy rat model. |
(Liu et al., 2019a) |
MicroRNA-142 |
Upregulation
(pilocarpine, epilepsy patients) |
MicroRNA-142 performs well in
differentiating between drug-resistant and drug-sensitive TLE.
Inhibition of microRNA-142 promotes mitochondrial autophagy and reduces
hippocampal neuron damage by targeting PINK1 in pilocarpine-induced
epilepsy rat model. |
(De Benedittis et al., 2021; Xiao et al.,
2021) |
MicroRNA-145 |
Upregulation (pilocarpine, epilepsy patients) |
Downregulation of microRNA-145 improves the abilities of learning and
memory by reducing apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in
pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model. |
(Zhao et al.,
2019a) |
MicroRNA-146a
|
Upregulation
(KA, pilocarpine, epilepsy patients, TSC)
|
MicroRNA-146a is a powerful regulator of microglia-mediated inflammation
in the chronic TLE. MicroRNA-146a-CFH-IL-1β loop circuit mediates the
perpetuate inflammation of chronic TLE in KA-induced epilepsy rat model
and antagonists targeting microRNA-146a can protect against SE by
regulating NF-κB pathway in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model.
MicroRNA-146a can ameliorate dysregulation of the MMP/TIMP proteolytic
system in TSC.
|
(Aronica et al., 2010; Su et al., 2016; Li et al., 2018c; Zhang et al.,
2018a; Broekaart et al., 2020)
|
MicroRNA-148a-3p |
Upregulation (Mg2+ -free medium) |
FS-related microRNA-148a-3p plays neuroprotective roles by increasing
the proliferation of hippocampal neurons in Mg2+ -free
medium treated epilepsy cell model. |
(Yu et al., 2021) |
MicroRNA-153 |
Downregulation (epilepsy patients) |
MicroRNA-153 is
downregulated in plasma and temporal cortex of mTLE patients and
overexpression of microRNA-153 reduces HIF-1α expression in rat
astrocytes of refractory epilepsy. |
(Li et al., 2016) |
MicroRNA-155
|
Upregulation
(KA, pilocarpine)
|
MicroRNA-155 contributes to epileptogenesis through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR
signaling pathway. Inhibition of microRNA-155 attenuates MMP3 expression
in cultured human astrocytes, increases the expression of BDNF and
alleviates seizure severity in the pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, and
attenuates KA-induced seizure by inhibiting microglia activation.
|
(Cai et al., 2016; Duan et al., 2018; Korotkov et al., 2018; Fu et al.,
2019)
|
MicroRNA-181
|
Upregulation
(KA, pilocarpine)
|
MicroRNA-181b can inhibit P38/JNK signaling pathway by targeting TLR4,
thereby reducing apoptosis and autophagy in KA-induced epilepsy rat
model. Inhibition of microRNA-181a-5p also activates SIRT1 to reduce
neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cognitive
dysfunction and activation of astrocyte and microglia in
pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model.
|
(Wang et al., 2019b; Kong et al., 2020)
|
MicroRNA-183
|
Upregulation
(pilocarpine)
|
Downregulated microRNA-183 results in an inactivation of JAK/STAT
signaling pathway by targeting Foxp1 to promote neuron proliferation and
inhibit apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, thereby attenuating
hippocampal neuron injury in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat
model.
|
(Feng et al., 2019)
|
McroiRNA-187-3p
|
Upregulation
(electrical
kindling)
|
MicroRNA-187-3p is upregulated and regulates KCNK10/TREK-2 potassium
channel in electrical stimulation-induced SE.
|
(Haenisch et al., 2016)
|
MicroRNA-194-5p |
Upregulation (Mg2+ -free medium,
epilepsy patients) |
MicroRNA-194-5p regulates the proliferation and
apoptosis of hippocampus neuron in children with TLE and
Mg2+ -free medium treated TLE cell model. |
(Niu et
al., 2021) |
MicroRNA-199a-5p
|
Upregulation
(pilocarpine)
|
Targeting of microRNA-199a-5p protects against neuron damage by
SIRT1-p53 cascade in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model.
|
(Wang et al., 2016a)
|
MicroRNA-200c-3p
|
Upregulation
(pilocarpine)
|
Downregulation of microRNA-200c-3p upregulates RECK and inactivates the
AKT signaling to decrease apoptosis of hippocampal neuron in
pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model.
|
(Du et al., 2019)
|
MicroRNA-203
|
Upregulation
(KA, pilocarpine, epilepsy patients)
|
MicroRNA-203 is targeted to Ppp2ca in both humans and mice, which can
target Ppp2ca to increase seizure activity in the KA-induced SE model.
And microRNA-203 antagomirs can targets GLRB to decrease the frequency
of spontaneous seizures in pilocarpine-induced mice epilepsy.
|
(Lee et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018b)
|
MicroRNA-204
|
Downregulation
(Mg2+-free medium)
|
MicroRNA-204 regulates TrkB-ERK1/2-CREB signaling to inhibit
epileptiform discharges in Mg2+-free medium cultured
hippocampal neurons.
|
(Xiang et al., 2016)
|
MicroRNA-211 |
Downregulation |
Dynamic changes of microRNA-211
expression is associated with epileptiform activity and cholinergic
imbalances in murine forebrain. |
(Bekenstein et al.,
2017) |
MicroRNA-219
|
Upregulation
(KA, epilepsy patients)
|
MicroRNA-219 regulates NMDARs in the amygdala and hippocampus of
patients with mTLE and also suppresses seizure formation by regulating
the CaMKII/NMDAR pathway in KA-induced epilepsy mice model.
|
(Zheng et al., 2016; Hamamoto et al., 2020)
|
MicroRNA-221-3p
|
Downregulation
(KA)
|
MicroRNA-221-3p inhibits HIF-1α to suppress seizures and microglia
activation in the VPA-resistant epilepsy of KA-induced epilepsy mice
model.
|
(Fu et al., 2021)
|
MicroRNA-223
|
Upregulation
(KA, epilepsy patients)
|
MicroRNA-223 also have the good performance in distinguishing
drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TLE and microRNA-223 affects
microglial autophagy by targeting ATG16L1 in KA-induced epilepsy mice
model.
|
(De Benedittis et al., 2021; He et al., 2021b)
|
MicroRNA-322-5p
|
Downregulation
(pilocarpine)
|
MicroRNA-322-5p regulates the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB axis to reduce neuronal
inflammation in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model.
|
(Zhou et al., 2022)
|
MicroRNA-344a
|
Downregulation
(PTZ)
|
MicroRNA-344a regulates seizure-induced apoptosis signaling pathways in
PTZ-induced chronic epilepsy rat model.
|
(Liu et al., 2017b)
|
MicroRNA-451
|
Upregulation
(KA)
|
MicroRNA-451 regulates GDNF expression to aggravate hippocampal neuronal
apoptosis and seizure in KA-induced epilepsy mice model
|
(Weng et al., 2020)
|
MicroRNA-494
|
Downregulation
(pilocarpine)
|
Overexpressed microRNA-494 inactivates the NF-κB signaling pathway to
reduce hippocampal neuron injury by inhibiting RIPK1 in
pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model.
|
(Qi et al., 2020)
|
MicroRNA-542-3p
|
Downregulation
(KA)
|
MicroRNA-542-3p suppresses TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce
seizure-induced brain injury and the expression of P-gp in KA-treated
primary hippocampal neurons and KA-induced epilepsy rat model.
|
(Yan et al., 2019)
|