Results
We observed substantial phenotypic variation in the field for both frond area and root length. Frond area varied significantly among sites (F33,68=5.39, p<0.0001) and among microsites within sites (F68,918=15.26, p<0.0001) with roughly equal contributions to variation from each level (Table 1). Similarly, root length varied significantly among sites (F33,68=14.12, p<0.0001) and among microsites within sites (F68,918=3.46, p<0.0001), although the majority of this variation was at the among site level (Table 1).
Table 1. Variation in frond area (mm2) and root length (mm) measured in the field. Ten individual plants were sampled in each of three microsites, for 34 sites situated broadly across southern Quebec, Canada.