Adverse pregnancy outcomes
All women were under carefully medical surveillance. Once complications
occurred, they would receive treatment and the pregnancy outcomes would
be followed up until after delivery. The adverse pregnancy outcomes were
described as follows: PE was defined as a new onset of hypertension
(systolic blood pressure ≥ 140mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90mmHg on
at least two measurements 4 hours apart in a previously normotensive
woman), with one of the following at or after 20 weeks of gestation:1.
Proteinuria (primarily defined as a protein concentration of ≥0.3g in 24
hours; i.e. ≥30 mg/mol protein: creatinine ratio; or≥2 + dipstick);2.
Evidence of other maternal organ dysfunction; liver involvement with or
without right upper quadrant or epigastric abdominal pain, neurological
complications; or hematological complications; or 3.uteroplacental
dysfunction[13]. GDM was diagnosed after all women
underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test between 24 and 28 weeks of
pregnancy, we also applied IADPSG criteria (one or more fasting, 1-h, or
2-h plasma glucose concentrations equal to or greater than threshold
values of 5.1, 10.0, or 8.5 mmol/L, respectively) to diagnose
GDM[14]. Early
Preterm delivery, defined by a gestational age before 34 weeks. A
newborn was considered SGA when it was smaller than the estimated
10th percentile for the baby’s gender and gestational
age[15]. Postpartum hemorrhage was defined as
blood loss ≥500ml after vaginal delivery or ≥1000ml after cesarean
delivery[16].