Fig 2. Effect network on the host plant Baccharis dracunculifoliashowing links categorised into two main types : node modulation (black arrows), which are pairwise trophic and non-trophic interactions (solid arrows) or density effects (dashed arrows); and link modulation (higher-order interaction), which are three-way interactions (interaction modification; dashed red arrows), or four-way interactions (modification of an interaction modification; dashed blue arrows). The link codes (numbers) refer to interactions and corresponding statistical tests depicted in Tables 1 and 2. Positive and negative signs mean strengthening or weakening a link, respectively.