Effect of hatched galls
Excluding hatched galls reduced parasitism of the galler B. dracunculifoliae (link 16). Plants with higher abundance of hatched galls also presented higher aphid inquilinism (link 17), higher abundance of the galler R. limbata (link 18), and higher parasitism of the galler R. limbata (link 19). In the Hatched Gall Exclusion treatment, the positive relationship between ant presence and the abundance of the galler R. limbata (link 13) was weakened (link 26). Excluding hatched galls also weakened (link 27) the positive relationship between ant presence and parasitism of the galler B. dracunculifoliae (link 12); weakened (link 28) the negative relationship between herbivore abundance and the abundance of the gallerB. dracunculifoliae (link 20); and also weakened (link 29) the positive relationship between predator abundance and aphid inquilinism (link 23).