Study population
We conducted a retrospective study including every consecutive ablation procedure of AF or atrial tachycardia (AT) using the Rhythmia™ system at both University Hospitals of Caen and Toulouse from August 2015 to April 2018. We considered de novo and redo procedures, paroxysmal and persistent AF and AT. AT was defined as organized atrial activity on 12 lead ECG and electrophysiological study demonstrating macro/micro reentrant or focal mechanism. We excluded AT displaying ECG pattern of typical cavotricuspid dependant atrial flutter.: Patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (i.e. <50%), or with preserved LVEF and signs/symptoms of HF and evidence for cardiac structural of functional abnormalities (elevated filling pressures, natriuretic peptides) were designated the HF group, and the remaining patients constituted the non-HF group.12 HF patients were divided into subgroups based on LVEF : reduced or mildly reduced LVEF (HFrEF) if LVEF<50%, and HFpEF if LVEF≥50%.