5 Conclusion
In this paper, we used a circuit theory-based approach to explore the relationships between land use changes and landscape connectivity for North China leopard. Circuit theory have already been proven to be useful for conservation planning and landscape management. Our study provides an effective approach for assessing the impacts of land use changes on landscape connectivity for North China leopard at broad spatial scales, specifically, when information on species movement patterns is scarce. Therefore, the results could guide conservation actions and contribute in government decision-making, so as to enhance landscape connectivity for conservation concern of North China leopard and planning of natural reserves network.