Abbreviations:
AHR, airway hyperresponsiveness; ANGPT, angiopoietin; ASM, airway smooth muscle; BAL, brocho-alveolar lavage; βc, common receptor β subunit; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DC, dendritic cell; EBUS, endobronchial ultrasound; ECM, extracellular matrix; ECP, eosinophil cationic protein; EDN, eosinophil derived neurotoxin; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EPX, eosinophil peroxidase; FcεRI, high affinity IgE; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; FDA, food and drug administration; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GINA, global initiative for asthma; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HLM, human lung macrophage; HLMC, human lung mast cell; HRCT, high-resolution computed tomography; IL, interleukins; IL-5Rα, IL-5 receptor α; ILC, innate lymphoid cell; i.v., intravenously; lfTSLP, long form TSLP; mAb, monoclonal antibody; MBP, major basic protein; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NET, neutrophils extracellular trap; NHR, nuclear magnetic resonance; NK cell, natural killer cell; NKT cell, natural killer T cell; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PGD2, prostaglandin D2; RCTs, randomized clinical trials; sfTSLP, short form TSLP; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; T2-high, type 2-high; T2-low, type 2-low; VDP, ventilation defect; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factors.