TruScreen (TS) detection
The TS detection (TS01, TruScreen Limited, London, United Kingdom) was performed by a trained physician at outpatient department or colposcopy room ahead of any examination. The patients lied down in lithotomy position, and then the physician inserted a speculum and placed the TS handpiece with its single-use sensor into patients’ vagina until the tip of probe clinging to the surface of cervix. The detection path was set in a certain pattern according to the manufacturers’ instruction, 31 points at maximum of cervix surface were probed. After the whole process was completed, the TS results were printed out as ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’. ‘Normal’ was defined as normal squamous or columnar epithelial, physiological metaplasia or HPV-related changes, while ‘abnormal’ was defined as CIN1, CIN2, CIN3 and cervical cancer We recorded ‘normal’ TS results as ‘negative’, while ‘abnormal’ as ‘positive’.