Pregnancy outcomes
Neonatal outcomes included preterm delivery (<37 completed
weeks of gestation), low birthweight (<2.5 kg), high
birthweight (≥4 kg), small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and
large-for-gestational-age (LGA). SGA and LGA were defined as birthweight
for sex and gestational age below the 10th centile and
above the 90th centile,13respectively, based on a reference sample of healthy livebirths from the
Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort, which
is the largest pregnancy cohort study involving approximately 1000
mother-child pairs in Singapore.14 Maternal outcomes
included gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as diagnosed by a
risk-based, 2-point oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between
2015-2017,15 and a universal 3-point OGTT between
2018-2020,16 elective and emergency caesarean
deliveries. Gestational hypertensive disorders were not included in the
analysis due to incomplete information recorded in the electronic
medical database.