Sampling design
Preliminary surveys was conducted in an effort of observing the overall landscape to stratify the habitat for line transects segments and explore the accessibility and habitat characteristics of the study sites. The study area was heterogeneous in vegetation type and topography and classified in to three Vegetation Zones; human plantation, open grassland and natural forest. The total number, length and width of line transects were determined based on habitat type or topography of the sites and size of the area (Porras et al ., 2016). As a result, a total of 33 transect lines (4 from human plantation, 12 from open grassland and 17 from natural forest) were systematically established representing each habitat and used to estimate abundance and distribution of mammalian species. Transect length of 1.5km and width of 250m (in human plantation), transect length of 2km and width of 200m (in open grassland) and transect length of 2.5km and width of 50m (in natural forest) were taken.